{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:04:59Z","timestamp":1790809499833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Bremen","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ers2y35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurochem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The proteinogenic amino acid L-proline can be efficiently metabolized by cultured astrocytes as exogenous substrate to fuel mitochondrial ATP regeneration. To investigate the properties of the transport processes involved in astrocytic L-proline uptake, we used primary rat astrocyte cultures as model system. After application of L-proline, cultured astrocytes efficiently accumulated the amino acid in a time- and concentration-dependent saturable manner. Omission of sodium ions drastically lowered cellular L-proline accumulation to low values that increased proportional to the concentration of L-proline applied. The saturable sodium-dependent L-proline accumulation followed apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a calculated K\n                    <jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of around 1.0 mM and a V\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of around 20 nmol\/(5\u00a0min x mg). In contrast to L-proline, D-proline was hardly taken up by the cells. L-Proline uptake was strongly affected by lowering the incubation temperature, while alterations of the extracellular pH value did not affect the accumulation of L-proline. An excess of the amino acids L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-methionine, L-serine, L-threonine or L-valine severely lowered the uptake of L-proline. Inhibition of uptake was also found in the presence of L-4-hydroxyproline and L-homocysteine as well as in the presence of the ASCT1 inhibitor L-4-chlorophenylgycine, but not after exposure to inhibitors of other potential astrocytic L-proline transporters. These data suggest that L-proline uptake by cultured rat astrocytes is mainly mediated by the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:51:34Z","timestamp":1790761894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uptake of L-proline by Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Spellerberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Dringen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4886_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.728576","author":"EJ Patriarca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patriarca EJ, Cermola F, D\u2019Aniello C et al (2021) The multifaceted roles of proline in cell behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.728576","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4886_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053785","volume":"8","author":"AA Morgan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morgan AA, Rubenstein E (2013) Proline: the distribution, frequency, positioning, and common functional roles of proline and polyproline sequences in the human proteome. PLoS One 8:e53785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0053785","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4886_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050742","volume":"11","author":"N Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu N, Yang Y, Si X et al (2021) L-proline activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and modulates redox environment in porcine trophectoderm cells. Biomolecules 11:742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11050742","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4886_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2741\/3947","volume":"17","author":"C Servet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Servet C, Ghelis T, Richard L et al (2012) Proline dehydrogenase: a key enzyme in controlling cellular homeostasis. Front Biosci J Virtual Libr 17:607\u2013620","journal-title":"Front Biosci J Virtual Libr"},{"key":"4886_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.137224","volume":"141","author":"C Tomlinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz PB (2011) Arginine can be synthesized from enteral proline in healthy adult humans. J Nutr 141:1432\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.110.137224","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4886_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-011-9246-x","volume":"26","author":"ATS Wyse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wyse ATS, Netto CA (2011) Behavioral and neurochemical effects of proline. Metab Brain Dis 26:159\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-011-9246-x","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"4886_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(02)00109-0","volume":"21","author":"D Delwing","year":"2003","unstructured":"Delwing D, Bavaresco CS, Wannmacher CMD et al (2003) Proline induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 21:105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0736-5748(02)00109-0","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR8","unstructured":"Phang J, Hu C-AA, Valle D (2001) Disorders of proline and hydroxyproline metabolism. Metab Mol Bases Inherit Dis 1821\u20131838"},{"key":"4886_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.04.001","volume":"34","author":"J Mayneris-Perxachs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayneris-Perxachs J, Castells-Nobau A, Arnoriaga-Rodr\u00edguez M et al (2022) Microbiota alterations in proline metabolism impact depression. Cell Metab 34:681\u2013701e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.04.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"4886_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201714","volume":"13","author":"P Shichkova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shichkova P, Coggan JS, Markram H, Keller D (2024) Brain metabolism in health and neurodegeneration: the interplay among neurons and astrocytes. Cells 13:1714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13201714","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4886_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217451","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Qi Y, Gao Y et al (2023) Astrocyte metabolism and signaling pathways in the CNS. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217451","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70029","volume":"169","author":"JV Andersen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andersen JV (2025) The glutamate\/GABA-glutamine cycle: insights, updates, and advances. J Neurochem 169:e70029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70029","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70073","volume":"169","author":"R Dringen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dringen R, Arend C (2025) Glutathione metabolism of the brain\u2014the role of astrocytes. J Neurochem 169:e70073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70073","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03334-5","volume":"22","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhou Y, Yang Z et al (2025) Lipid droplets in central nervous system and functional profiles of brain cells containing lipid droplets in various diseases. J Neuroinflammation 22:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03334-5","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"4886_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-112723-035356","author":"W Won","year":"2025","unstructured":"Won W, Bhalla M, Lee J-H, Lee CJ (2025) Astrocytes as key regulators of neural signaling in health and disease. Annu Rev Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-112723-035356","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70459","volume":"170","author":"FCA Gomes","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gomes FCA, Matias I (2026) Astrocytes in brain aging and neurodegeneration: cellular mechanisms and interventional strategies. J Neurochem 170:e70459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70459","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050662","author":"K Andrianov","year":"2026","unstructured":"Andrianov K, Gaisler-Salomon I (2026) Constellations of thought: astrocytic contributions to cognition across rodent models of brain dysfunction. Biomolecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16050662","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4886_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15811","volume":"166","author":"JV Andersen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andersen JV, Schousboe A (2023) Milestone review: metabolic dynamics of glutamate and GABA mediated neurotransmission \u2014 the essential roles of astrocytes. J Neurochem 166:109\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.15811","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04604-7","volume":"50","author":"R Dringen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dringen R, Karger G, Winkler U, Hirrlinger J (2025) ATP metabolism of astrocytes: consumption, regeneration and restoration. Neurochem Res 50:357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-025-04604-7","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4886_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67041375.x","volume":"67","author":"R Dringen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dringen R, Hamprecht B (1996) Glutathione content as an indicator for the presence of metabolic pathways of amino acids in astroglial cultures. J Neurochem 67:1375\u20131382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67041375.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9067-0","volume":"53","author":"SO Loureiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loureiro SO, Sidegum DSV, Biasibetti H et al (2016) Crosstalk among disrupted glutamatergic and cholinergic homeostasis and inflammatory response in mechanisms elicited by proline in astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 53:1065\u20131079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-9067-0","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4886_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04618-1","volume":"51","author":"P Spellerberg","year":"2026","unstructured":"Spellerberg P, Dringen R (2026) Consumption of L-proline as energy substrate by cultured primary rat astrocytes. Neurochem Res 51:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-025-04618-1","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4886_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04104-0","author":"AR Harders","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harders AR, Spellerberg P, Dringen R (2024) Exogenous substrates prevent the decline in the cellular ATP content of primary rat astrocytes during glucose deprivation. Neurochem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-024-04104-0","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4886_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b00215","volume":"57","author":"JJ Tanner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanner JJ, Fendt S-M, Becker DF (2018) The proline cycle as a potential cancer therapy target. Biochemistry 57:3433\u20133444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b00215","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"4886_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25563-x","volume":"12","author":"G Gauthier-Coles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gauthier-Coles G, Vennitti J, Zhang Z et al (2021) Quantitative modelling of amino acid transport and homeostasis in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 12:5282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25563-x","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4886_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.11.004","volume":"33","author":"S Br\u00f6er","year":"2022","unstructured":"Br\u00f6er S (2022) Amino acid transporters as modulators of glucose homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 33:120\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2021.11.004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4886_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160822","volume":"474","author":"S Br\u00f6er","year":"2017","unstructured":"Br\u00f6er S, Br\u00f6er A (2017) Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms. Biochem J 474:1935\u20131963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BCJ20160822","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"4886_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-003-2041-9","volume":"195","author":"J Pinilla-Tenas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinilla-Tenas J, Barber A, Lostao MP (2003) Transport of proline and hydroxyproline by the neutral amino-acid exchanger ASCT1. J Membr Biol 195:27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00232-003-2041-9","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"4886_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413027200","volume":"280","author":"H Takanaga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takanaga H, Mackenzie B, Suzuki Y, Hediger MA (2005) Identification of mammalian proline transporter SIT1 (SLC6A20) with characteristics of classical system Imino. J Biol Chem 280:8974\u20138984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M413027200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00742-7","volume":"548","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Nishizaki I, Furuya S et al (2003) Characterization of rapid and high-affinity uptake of L-serine in neurons and astrocytes in primary culture. FEBS Lett 548:69\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00742-7","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"4886_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012632","volume":"13","author":"M Bae","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bae M, Roh JD, Kim Y et al (2021) SLC6A20 transporter: a novel regulator of brain glycine homeostasis and NMDAR function. EMBO Mol Med 13:e12632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.202012632","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"4886_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22966","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200374200","volume":"277","author":"M Boll","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boll M, Foltz M, Rubio-Aliaga I et al (2002) Functional characterization of two novel mammalian electrogenic proton-dependent amino acid cotransporters. J Biol Chem 277:22966\u201322973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M200374200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23720","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212718200","volume":"278","author":"B Mackenzie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mackenzie B, Sch\u00e4fers MK-H, Erickson JD et al (2003) Functional properties and cellular distribution of the system a glutamine transporter SNAT1 support specialized roles in central neurons. J Biol Chem 278:23720\u201323730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M212718200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00349-7","volume":"1509","author":"M Sugawara","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sugawara M, Nakanishi T, Fei Y-J et al (2000) Structure and function of ATA3, a new subtype of amino acid transport system A, primarily expressed in the liver and skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Biomembr 1509:7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00349-7","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Biomembr"},{"key":"4886_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051273","volume":"393","author":"A Br\u00f6er","year":"2006","unstructured":"Br\u00f6er A, Tietze N, Kowalczuk S et al (2006) The orphan transporter v7-3 (slc6a15) is a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT2). Biochem J 393:421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20051273","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"4886_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10240-X","volume":"48","author":"S Shafqat","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shafqat S, Velaz-Faircloth M, Henzi VA et al (1995) Human brain-specific L-proline transporter: molecular cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene in human and mouse genomes. Mol Pharmacol 48:219\u2013229","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4886_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15755","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.26.15755","volume":"270","author":"M Velaz-Faircloth","year":"1995","unstructured":"Velaz-Faircloth M, Guada\u00f1o-Ferraz A, Henzi VA, Fremeau RT (1995) Mammalian brain-specific L-proline transporter: neuronal localization of mRNA and enrichment of transporter protein in synaptic plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 270:15755\u201315761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.26.15755","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11929","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan SA et al (2014) An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 34:11929\u201311947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.02.014","volume":"1557","author":"S Roshanbin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roshanbin S, Hellsten SV, Tafreshiha A et al (2014) PAT4 is abundantly expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as epithelial cells. Brain Res 1557:12\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.02.014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"4886_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305556200","volume":"279","author":"I Rubio-Aliaga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubio-Aliaga I, Boll M, Weisenhorn DMV et al (2004) The proton\/amino acid cotransporter PAT2 is expressed in neurons with a different subcellular localization than its paralog PAT1. J Biol Chem 279:2754\u20132760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M305556200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01265.2003","volume":"23","author":"CC Wreden","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wreden CC, Johnson J, Tran C et al (2003) The H+-coupled electrogenic lysosomal amino acid transporter LYAAT1 localizes to the axon and plasma membrane of hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 23:1265\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01265.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1059-5_3","volume-title":"Brain Energy Metabolism","author":"K Tulpule","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tulpule K, Hohnholt MC, Hirrlinger J, Dringen R (2014) Primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons as model systems to study the metabolism and metabolite export from brain cells. In: Hirrlinger J, Waagepetersen HS (eds) Brain Energy Metabolism. Springer, New York, NY, pp 45\u201372"},{"key":"4886_CR43","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"B Hamprecht","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hamprecht B, L\u00f6ffler F (1985) Primary glial cultures as a model for studying hormone action. Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, pp 341\u2013345"},{"key":"4886_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1189-7","volume":"39","author":"C Petters","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petters C, Dringen R (2014) Comparison of primary and secondary rat astrocyte cultures regarding glucose and glutathione metabolism and the accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles. Neurochem Res 39:46\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-013-1189-7","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4886_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03012-9","volume":"53","author":"GK Scott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scott GK, Mahoney S, Scott M et al (2021) N-Propargylglycine: a unique suicide inhibitor of proline dehydrogenase with anticancer activity and brain-enhancing mitohormesis properties. Amino Acids 53:1927\u20131939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-021-03012-9","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"4886_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-015-0910-6","volume":"253","author":"N Shabnam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shabnam N, Tripathi I, Sharmila P, Pardha-Saradhi P (2016) A rapid, ideal, and eco-friendlier protocol for quantifying proline. Protoplasma 253:1577\u20131582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00709-015-0910-6","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"4886_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2000.10474543","volume":"54","author":"WA Rosenkrantz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosenkrantz WA (2000) Confidence bands for quantile functions: a parametric and graphic alternative for testing goodness of fit. Am Stat 54:185\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00031305.2000.10474543","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"4886_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)44814-4","volume":"199","author":"FP Chinard","year":"1952","unstructured":"Chinard FP (1952) Photometric estimation of proline and ornithine. J Biol Chem 199:91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)44814-4","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000017337","volume":"20","author":"R Dringen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dringen R, Hamprecht B (1998) Glutathione restoration as indicator for cellular metabolism of astroglial cells. Dev Neurosci 20:401\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000017337","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1039\/D1OB02328D","volume":"20","author":"A Bogner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogner A, Tanner J (2022) Structure-affinity relationships of reversible proline analog inhibitors targeting proline dehydrogenase. Org Biomol Chem 20:895\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1OB02328D","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.1021\/bi301312f","volume":"51","author":"M Luo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luo M, Arentson BW, Srivastava D et al (2012) Crystal structures and kinetics of monofunctional proline dehydrogenase provide insight into substrate recognition and conformational changes associated with flavin reduction and product release. Biochemistry 51:10099\u201310108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi301312f","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"4886_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-18-1323","volume":"18","author":"GK Scott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scott GK, Yau C, Becker BC et al (2019) Targeting mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase with a suicide inhibitor to exploit synthetic lethal interactions with p53 upregulation and glutaminase inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 18:1374\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-18-1323","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"4886_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252617","volume":"6","author":"M Martinez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martinez M, Frank A, Diez-Tejedor E, Hernanz A (1993) Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia. J Neural Transm - Park Dis Dement Sect. 6:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02252617","journal-title":"J Neural Transm - Park Dis Dement Sect"},{"key":"4886_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.577373","volume":"11","author":"Z-R Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z-R, Zhu X-Y, Lu W et al (2020) Altered serum amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and ketotic hypoglycemia. Front Endocrinol 11:577373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.577373","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4886_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185206","volume":"12","author":"K Toyoshima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toyoshima K, Nakamura M, Adachi Y et al (2017) Increased plasma proline concentrations are associated with sarcopenia in the elderly. PLoS One 12:e0185206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185206","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4886_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2007.05.006","volume":"17","author":"G Louin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Louin G, Neveux N, Cynober L et al (2007) Plasma concentrations of arginine and related amino acids following traumatic brain injury: proline as a promising biomarker of brain damage severity. Nitric Oxide 17:91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.niox.2007.05.006","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"4886_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32869","volume":"186","author":"Y Namavar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Namavar Y, Duineveld DJ, Both GIA et al (2021) Psychiatric phenotypes associated with hyperprolinemia: a systematic review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 186:289\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32869","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"4886_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156551","volume":"11","author":"AC Foster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foster AC, Farnsworth J, Lind GE et al (2016) D-serine is a substrate for neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1\/SLC1A4 and ASCT2\/SLC1A5, and is transported by both subtypes in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures. PLoS One 11:e0156551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156551","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4886_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02532400","volume":"21","author":"H Benrabh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Benrabh H, Lefauconnier JM (1996) Blood-endothelial cell and blood-brain transport of l-proline, \u03b1-aminoisobutyric acid, and l-alanine. Neurochem Res 21:1227\u20131235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02532400","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4886_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11285.x","volume":"40","author":"SM Hwang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hwang SM, Miller M, Segal S (1983) Uptake of L-[14\u00a0C]proline by isolated rat brain capillaries. J Neurochem 40:317\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11285.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4886_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14267","DOI":"10.1021\/jp508779d","volume":"118","author":"S Busch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Busch S, Lorenz CD, Taylor J et al (2014) Short-range interactions of concentrated proline in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 118:14267\u201314277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp508779d","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"4886_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2004.02.004","volume":"49","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Nishizaki I, Nukada T et al (2004) Functional identification of ASCT1 neutral amino acid transporter as the predominant system for the uptake of l-serine in rat neurons in primary culture. Neurosci Res 49:101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2004.02.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"4886_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2005.12.014","volume":"446","author":"B B\u00fcdy","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00fcdy B, O\u2019Neill R, DiBello PM et al (2006) Homocysteine transport by human aortic endothelial cells: identification and properties of import systems. Arch Biochem Biophys 446:119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2005.12.014","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"4886_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.148544","volume":"27","author":"X Jiang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiang X, Yang F, Brailoiu E et al (2007) Differential regulation of homocysteine transport in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:1976\u20131983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.148544","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"4886_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.010","volume":"126","author":"AC Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster AC, Rangel-Diaz N, Staubli U et al (2017) Phenylglycine analogs are inhibitors of the neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1 and ASCT2 and enhance NMDA receptor-mediated LTP in rat visual cortex slices. Neuropharmacology 126:70\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"4886_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-02-00550.2003","volume":"23","author":"K Sakai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakai K, Shimizu H, Koike T et al (2003) Neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 is preferentially expressed in l-ser-synthetic\/storing glial cells in the mouse brain with transient expression in developing capillaries. J Neurosci 23:550\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-02-00550.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"4886_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722677115","volume":"115","author":"E Kaplan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaplan E, Zubedat S, Radzishevsky I et al (2018) ASCT1 (Slc1a4) transporter is a physiologic regulator of brain d-serine and neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:9628\u20139633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1722677115","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4886_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00250-4","volume":"130","author":"MD Weiss","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weiss MD, Derazi S, Kilberg MS, Anderson KJ (2001) Ontogeny and localization of the neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 in rat brain. Dev Brain Res 130:183\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00250-4","journal-title":"Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"4886_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","volume":"89","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Sloan SA, Clarke LE et al (2016) Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse. Neuron 89:37\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"4886_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2026.153944","volume":"824","author":"C Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen C, Shi Y, Wan Y et al (2026) Rescue of astrocytic ASCT1 expression and d-serine uptake attenuates remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 824:153944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2026.153944","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4886_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058651","volume":"8","author":"MGA H\u00e4gglund","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4gglund MGA, Roshanbin S, L\u00f6fqvist E et al (2013) B0AT2 (SLC6A15) is localized to neurons and astrocytes, and is involved in mediating the effect of leucine in the brain. PLoS One 8:e58651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058651","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4886_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2018.05.003","volume":"43","author":"P Kandasamy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandasamy P, Gyimesi G, Kanai Y, Hediger MA (2018) Amino acid transporters revisited: new views in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 43:752\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2018.05.003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"4886_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.023","volume":"130","author":"IM Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez IM, Cubelos B, Gim\u00e9nez C, Zafra F (2005) Immunohistochemical localization of the amino acid transporter SNAT2 in the rat brain. Neuroscience 130:61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4886_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20106","volume":"49","author":"B Cubelos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cubelos B, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez IM, Gim\u00e9nez C, Zafra F (2005) Amino acid transporter SNAT5 localizes to glial cells in the rat brain. Glia 49:230\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.20106","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"4886_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.45.27991","volume":"271","author":"N Zerangue","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zerangue N, Kavanaugh MP (1996) ASCT-1 is a neutral amino acid exchanger with chloride channel activity. J Biol Chem 271:27991\u201327994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.45.27991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8250","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.441022","volume":"288","author":"AJ Scopelliti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scopelliti AJ, Ryan RM, Vandenberg RJ (2013) Molecular determinants for functional differences between alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 and other glutamate transporter family members. J Biol Chem 288:8250\u20138257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M112.441022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99417-2","volume":"242","author":"HN Christensen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Christensen HN, Liang M, Archer EG (1967) A distinct Na+-requiring transport system for alanine, serine, cysteine, and similar amino acids. J Biol Chem 242:5237\u20135246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99417-2","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.128","volume":"337","author":"H Takanaga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takanaga H, Mackenzie B, Peng J-B, Hediger MA (2005) Characterization of a branched-chain amino-acid transporter SBAT1 (SLC6A15) that is expressed in human brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337:892\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.128","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4886_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22790","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002965200","volume":"275","author":"D Yao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yao D, Mackenzie B, Ming H et al (2000) A novel system a isoform mediating Na+\/neutral amino acid cotransport. J Biol Chem 275:22790\u201322797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M002965200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1117-9","volume":"447","author":"B Mackenzie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mackenzie B, Erickson JD (2004) Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid (System N\/A) transporters of the SLC38 gene family. Pflugers Arch 447:784\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-003-1117-9","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"4886_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43983-1","volume":"13","author":"T Sniegowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sniegowski T, Rajasekaran D, Sennoune SR et al (2023) Amino acid transporter SLC38A5 is a tumor promoter and a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 13:16863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-43983-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4886_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4504","volume":"281","author":"T Nakanishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakanishi T, Sugawara M, Huang W et al (2001) Structure, function, and tissue expression pattern of human SN2, a subtype of the amino acid transport system N. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281:1343\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4504","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4886_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050819","author":"KS Krishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krishnan KS, Billups B (2023) ASC transporters mediate D-serine transport into astrocytes adjacent to synapses in the mouse brain. Biomolecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13050819","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4886_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050100","volume":"386","author":"S Kowalczuk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kowalczuk S, Br\u00f6er A, Munzinger M et al (2005) Molecular cloning of the mouse IMINO system: an Na+- and Cl\u2013-dependent proline transporter. Biochem J 386:417\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20050100","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"4886_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00259-6","volume":"1279","author":"BK Tamarappoo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tamarappoo BK, McDonald KK, Kilberg MS (1996) Expressed human hippocampal ASCT1 amino acid transporter exhibits a pH-dependent change in substrate specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Biomembr 1279:131\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00259-6","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Biomembr"},{"key":"4886_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1177\/24725552211030288","volume":"26","author":"M Scalise","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scalise M, Console L, Cosco J et al (2021) ASCT1 and ASCT2: brother and sister? SLAS Discov 26:1148\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24725552211030288","journal-title":"SLAS Discov"},{"key":"4886_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010113","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Dong Y, Grewer C (2022) Functional and kinetic comparison of alanine cysteine serine transporters ASCT1 and ASCT2. Biomolecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12010113","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4886_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17468","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.565242","volume":"289","author":"AJ Scopelliti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scopelliti AJ, Heinzelmann G, Kuyucak S et al (2014) Na+ interactions with the neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1. J Biol Chem 289:17468\u201317479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M114.565242","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.09.015","volume":"164","author":"A Blot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blot A, Billups D, Bj\u00f8rkmo M et al (2009) Functional expression of two system A glutamine transporter isoforms in rat auditory brainstem neurons. Neuroscience 164:998\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.09.015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"4886_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9473","DOI":"10.1021\/jm501086v","volume":"57","author":"S Cuboni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuboni S, Devigny C, Hoogeland B et al (2014) Loratadine and analogues: discovery and preliminary structure\u2013activity relationship of inhibitors of the amino acid transporter B0AT2. J Med Chem 57:9473\u20139479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jm501086v","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"4886_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2780105","volume":"278","author":"SY Low","year":"1991","unstructured":"Low SY, Taylor PM, Ahmed A et al (1991) Substrate-specificity of glutamine transporters in membrane vesicles from rat liver and skeletal muscle investigated using amino acid analogues. Biochem J 278:105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj2780105","journal-title":"Biochem J"}],"container-title":["Neurochemical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:53:00Z","timestamp":1790808780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-026-04886-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-3190","1573-6903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-3190","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"279"}}