{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T17:10:01Z","timestamp":1746551401746,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC Aerosol Science Centre for Doctoral Training","award":["EP\/S023593\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023593\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharm Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Inhaled drug delivery systems need to ensure that the delivered aerosol effectively reach the lungs while overcoming challenges related to environmental conditions, such as relative humidity (RH). This study investigates the impact of environmental factors on aqueous aerosol behaviour using a Respimat\u00ae Soft Mist Inhaler (SMI) formulated with and without ethanol content.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Comparative Hygroscopic Aerosol Particle Sizing (CHAPS) was used to measure aerosol size distribution under varying RH levels, while single droplet analysis was conducted using Comparative Kinetics-Electrodynamic Balance (CK-EDB) to assess particle behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings reveal that increased RH results in larger particle sizes, while elevated ethanol content consistently decreases both particle size and mass. The strong agreement between CHAPS measurements and CK-EDB data suggests that aerosol plume behaviour can be accurately modelled from single droplet data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study highlights ethanol's role in optimizing particle size distribution, which is crucial for enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of inhaled medications. These results underscore the importance of tailoring formulation and environmental conditions to improve drug delivery outcomes in pulmonary therapies and the importance of recognising that aerosol particle size distributions are dynamic and highly compositionally dependent.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T04:53:12Z","timestamp":1743742392000},"page":"651-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing the Influence of Relative Humidity and Ethanol Content on the Dynamic Size Distributions of Aerosols Generated from a Soft Mist Inhaler"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Yiliang Lance","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3851_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2125.2003.01892.X","volume":"56","author":"NR Labiris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Labiris NR, Dolovich MB. Pulmonary drug delivery. Part I: Physiological factors affecting therapeutic effectiveness of aerosolized medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:588\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-2125.2003.01892.X.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"3851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali M. Pulmonary drug delivery. Handb Non-Invasive Drug Deliv Syst. 2010;209\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-8155-2025-2.10009-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-8155-2025-2.10009-5"},{"key":"3851_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1164\/RCCM.200410-1414OC\/SUPPL_FILE\/1414ODS.PDF","volume":"172","author":"OS Usmani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Usmani OS, Biddiscombe MF, Barnes PJ. Regional lung deposition and bronchodilator response as a function of \u03922-agonist particle size. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1497\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/RCCM.200410-1414OC\/SUPPL_FILE\/1414ODS.PDF.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3851_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.10.977","volume":"51","author":"P Zanen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zanen P, Go LT, Lammers J-WJ. Optimal particle size for F32 agonist and anticholinergic aerosols in patients with severe airflow obstruction. Thorax. 1996;51:977\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.51.10.977.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3851_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225211031331","volume":"37","author":"S Sivadasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sivadasan S, Krishnan A, Dhayalan SV, Aiyalu R. A systematic review on KAP of nebulization therapy at home. J Pharm Technol. 2021;37:254\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/87551225211031331.","journal-title":"J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"3851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Legh-Land V, Haddrell A, Lewis D, Murnane D, Reid JP. Water uptake by evaporating PMDI aerosol prior to inhalation affects both regional and total deposition in the respiratory system. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070941.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070941"},{"key":"3851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01766","volume":"57","author":"RD Restrepo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Restrepo RD, Walsh BK. Humidification during invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation: 2012. Respir Care. 2012;57:782\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.01766.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.25004\/ijpsdr.2022.140119","volume":"14","author":"KR Dudhat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dudhat KR, Patel HV. Influence of particle size and particle deposition of inhaled medication in lung disease: a comrehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2022;14:141\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25004\/ijpsdr.2022.140119.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res"},{"key":"3851_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.25258\/IJPQA.15.1.34","volume":"15","author":"M Vp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vp M, Pj S. A novel metered dose inhalation formulations with formoterol 6 mcg and beclomethasone 200 mcg by using breath actuated inhaler. Int J Pharm Qual Assur. 2024;15:223\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25258\/IJPQA.15.1.34.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Qual Assur"},{"key":"3851_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-013-0063-x","volume":"15","author":"PB Myrdal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Myrdal PB, Sheth P, Stein SW. Advances in metered dose inhaler technology: formulation development. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15:434\u201355.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"3851_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0630441","volume":"63","author":"AW Jones","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jones AW. Effects of temperature and humidity of inhaled air on the concentration of ethanol in a man\u2019s exhaled breath. Clin Sci. 1982;63:441\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"3851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4005502","volume":"85","author":"JF Davies","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davies JF, Haddrell AE, Rickards AMJ, Reid JP. Simultaneous analysis of the equilibrium hygroscopicity and water transport kinetics of liquid aerosol. Anal Chem. 2013;85:5819\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac4005502.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"3851_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.12.048","volume":"463","author":"AE Haddrell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haddrell AE, Davies JF, Miles REH, Reid JP, Dailey LA, Murnane D. Dynamics of aerosol size during inhalation: hygroscopic growth of commercial nebulizer formulations. Int J Pharm. 2014;463:50\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.12.048.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3851_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0961","volume":"25","author":"JGY Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan JGY, Traini D, Chan HK, Young PM, Kwok PCL. Delivery of high solubility polyols by vibrating mesh nebulizer to enhance mucociliary clearance. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2012;25:297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jamp.2011.0961.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"key":"3851_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1378\/CHEST.112.1.24","volume":"112","author":"AC Raimondi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raimondi AC, Schottlender J, Lombardi D, Molfino NA. Treatment of acute severe asthma with inhaled albuterol delivered via jet nebulizer, metered dose inhaler with spacer, or dry powder. Chest. 1997;112:24\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/CHEST.112.1.24.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3851_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.6b04194","volume":"120","author":"G Rovelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rovelli G, Miles REH, Reid JP, Clegg SL. Accurate measurements of aerosol hygroscopic growth over a wide range in relative humidity. J Phys Chem A. 2016;120:4376\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpca.6b04194.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem A"},{"key":"3851_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.5194\/ACP-17-5583-2017","volume":"17","author":"A Marsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marsh A, Miles REH, Rovelli G, Cowling AG, Nandy L, Dutcher CS, Reid JP. Influence of organic compound functionality on aerosol hygroscopicity: dicarboxylic acids, alkyl-substituents, sugars and amino acids. Atmos Chem Phys. 2017;17:5583\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/ACP-17-5583-2017.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"3851_CR18","unstructured":"Clegg SL, Brimblecombe P, Wexler AS. Extended AIM Aerosol Thermodynamics Model Available online: http:\/\/www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk\/aim\/aim.php. Accessed 31 Mar 2023."},{"key":"3851_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wexler AS, Clegg SL. Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including the ions H+, NH4+, Na+, So42-, NO 3-, Cl-, Br-, and H2O. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2002;107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000451.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000451"},{"key":"3851_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00105-1","volume":"32","author":"SL Clegg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clegg SL, Seinfeld JH, Brimblecombe P. Thermodynamic modelling of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes and dissolved organic compounds. J Aerosol Sci. 2001;32:713\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00105-1.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"3851_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1021\/JP9095985\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/JP-2009-095985_0013.JPEG","volume":"114","author":"G Hargreaves","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hargreaves G, Kwamena NOA, Zhang YH, Butler JR, Rushworth S, Clegg SL, Reid JP. Measurements of the equilibrium size of supersaturated aqueous sodium chloride droplets at low relative humidity using aerosol optical tweezers and an electrodynamic balance. J Phys Chem A. 2010;114:1806\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/JP9095985\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/JP-2009-095985_0013.JPEG.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem A"},{"key":"3851_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122706","volume":"15","author":"A Negi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Negi A, Nimbkar S, Moses JA. Engineering inhalable therapeutic particles: conventional and emerging approaches. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122706.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"3851_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1615\/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.V19.I45.40","volume":"19","author":"HM Courrier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Courrier HM, Butz N, Vandamme TF. Pulmonary drug delivery systems: recent developments and prospects. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst. 2002;19:425\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.V19.I45.40.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst"},{"key":"3851_CR24","unstructured":"Zuend A, Marcolli C, Peter T, Seinfeld JH. AIOMFAC Available online: http:\/\/www.aiomfac.caltech.edu. Accessed 31 Mar 2023."},{"key":"3851_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.5194\/ACP-8-4559-2008","volume":"8","author":"A Zuend","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zuend A, Marcolli C, Luo BP, Peter T. A thermodynamic model of mixed organic-inorganic aerosols to predict activity coefficients. Atmos Chem Phys. 2008;8:4559\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/ACP-8-4559-2008.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"3851_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7795","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7795-2010","volume":"10","author":"A Zuend","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuend A, Marcolli C, Peter T, Seinfeld JH. Computation of liquid-liquid equilibria and phase stabilities: implications for RH-Dependent gas\/particle partitioning of organic-inorganic aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys. 2010;10:7795\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-7795-2010.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"3851_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.05.014","volume":"86","author":"M Langlet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langlet M, Benali M, Pezron I, Saleh K, Guigon P, Metlas-Komunjer L. Caking of sodium chloride: role of ambient relative humidity in dissolution and recrystallization process. Chem Eng Sci. 2013;86:78\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ces.2012.05.014.","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci"},{"key":"3851_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castro-Balado A, Mondelo-Garc\u00eda C, Barbosa-Pereira L, Varela-Rey I, Novo-Veleiro I, V\u00e1zquez-Agra N, Ant\u00fanez-L\u00f3pez JR, Band\u00edn-Vilar EJ, Send\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda R, Busto-Iglesias M, et al. Development and characterization of inhaled ethanol as a novel pharmacological strategy currently evaluated in a phase II clinical trial for early-stage SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS13030342.","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS13030342"},{"key":"3851_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9709","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP01158G","volume":"21","author":"FKA Gregson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gregson FKA, Ordoubadi M, Miles REH, Haddrell AE, Barona D, Lewis D, Church T, Vehring R, Reid JP. Studies of competing evaporation rates of multiple volatile components from a single binary-component aerosol droplet. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2019;21:9709\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9CP01158G.","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"3851_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7150","DOI":"10.1039\/B808258H","volume":"10","author":"C Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu C, Bonaccurso E, Butt HJ. Evaporation of sessile water\/ethanol drops in a controlled environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2008;10:7150\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/B808258H.","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"3851_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJPS.2021.04.003","volume":"16","author":"E Benke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benke E, Winter C, Szab\u00f3-R\u00e9v\u00e9sz P, Roblegg E, Ambrus R. The effect of ethanol on the habit and in vitro aerodynamic results of dry powder inhalation formulations containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2021;16:471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AJPS.2021.04.003.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"3851_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COLSURFA.2013.11.034","volume":"443","author":"B Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu B, Traini D, Lewis DA, Young P. The solid-state and morphological characteristics of particles generated from solution-based metered dose inhalers: influence of ethanol concentration and intrinsic drug properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2014;443:345\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COLSURFA.2013.11.034.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"3851_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000089426","volume":"73","author":"KR Patel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patel KR, Pavia D, Lowe L, Spiteri M. Inhaled ethanolic and aqueous solutions via respimat soft mist inhaler are well-tolerated in asthma patients. Respiration. 2006;73:434\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000089426.","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"3851_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14207","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS232214207","volume":"23","author":"L Marques","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marques L, Vale N. Salbutamol in the management of asthma: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:14207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS232214207.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3851_CR35","unstructured":"Salbutamol: Inhaler to Relieve Asthma and Breathlessness - NHS Available online: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/medicines\/salbutamol-inhaler\/. Accessed on 30 July 2024."},{"key":"3851_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/CRJ.13711","volume":"17","author":"LH Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma LH, Jia L, Bai L. Safety outcomes of salbutamol: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2023;17:1254\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/CRJ.13711.","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"3851_CR37","unstructured":"Salbutamol 1mg\/Ml Nebuliser Solution - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (Emc) Available online: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/10256\/smpc. Accessed on 26 July 2024."},{"key":"3851_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.37934\/ARFMTS.105.1.194209","volume":"105","author":"ZHM Juffry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Juffry ZHM, Kamarudin K, Adom AH, Miskon MF, Abdullah AN. Theoretical and numerical study on the effect of ambient temperature towards gas dispersion in indoor environment using CFD approach. J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci. 2023;105:194\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37934\/ARFMTS.105.1.194209.","journal-title":"J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci."},{"key":"3851_CR39","unstructured":"Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air Available online: https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/air-diffusion-coefficient-gas-mixture-temperature-d_2010.html. Accessed on 8 Mar 2025."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T16:54:57Z","timestamp":1746550497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-025-03851-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0724-8741","1573-904X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0724-8741"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-904X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This publication is part of the author\u2019s PhD project and has no financial conflict of interest with the company or the university. As part of the confidentiality agreement, the company requires an opportunity to review the manuscript prior to publication to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. The author confirms that this review process did not influence the study design, data analysis, or interpretation of the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}