{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:52:42Z","timestamp":1777035162749,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharm Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:12:23Z","timestamp":1767899543000},"page":"453-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Inhalation and Deposition of Salbutamol in Upper Airway Geometries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Brenda Vara","family":"Almirall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun Yuen Jerry","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Pille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua Qian","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Traini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiao","family":"Inthavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng KH, Cheng YS, Yeh HC, Swift DL. Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosols in the Head Airways During Natural Breathing and During Simulated Breath Holding Using Replicate Human Upper Airway Casts. Aerosol Sci Technol. 1995 Jan;23(3):465\u201374.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829508965329"},{"key":"4001_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koullapis P, Ollson B, Kassinos SC, Sznitman J. Multiscale in silico lung modeling strategies for aerosol inhalation therapy and drug delivery. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering. 2019 Sep;11:130\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobme.2019.11.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2019.11.003"},{"key":"4001_CR3","unstructured":"Stapleton KW. Deposition of Medical Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract: Predicting Dosages from Nebulisers, and Deposition in the Mouth-Throat using Computational Fluid Dynamics [PhD thesis]. University of Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta; 1997."},{"key":"4001_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vara Almirall B, Calmet H, Ang HQ, Inthavong K. Flow behavior in idealized & realistic upper airway geometries. Comput Biol Med. 2025 Aug;194:110449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110449.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110449"},{"key":"4001_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang F, Zhou X, Dai W, Yu J, Zhou Z, Tong Z, et al. In Vitro and In Silico Investigations on Drug Delivery in the Mouth-Throat Models with Handihaler. Pharm Res. 2022 Nov;39(11):3005\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-022-03386-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03386-9"},{"key":"4001_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voss S, Vutlapalli SC, Saalfeld P, Arens C, Janiga G. CFD simulations of inhalation through a subject-specific human larynx \u2013 Impact of the unilateral vocal fold immobility. Comput Biol Med. 2022 Apr;143:105243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105243"},{"key":"4001_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siu J, Shrestha K, Inthavong K, Shang Y, Douglas R. Particle deposition in the paranasal sinuses following endoscopic sinus surgery. Comput Biol Med. 2020 Jan;116:103573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103573.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103573"},{"key":"4001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Sun J, Cheng YS. Comparison of Deposition in the USP and Physical Mouth-Throat Models with Solid and Liquid Particles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2011 Dec;24(6):277\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jamp.2011.0882.","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0882"},{"key":"4001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosman RE, Sicard RM, Cohen SM, Frank-Ito DO. A computational analysis on the impact of multilevel laryngotracheal stenosis on airflow and drug particle dynamics in the upper airway. Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow. 2023 Sep;5(3):235\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42757-022-0151-9"},{"key":"4001_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frank-Ito DO, Cohen SM. Orally Inhaled Drug Particle Transport in Computerized Models of Laryngotracheal Stenosis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2021 Apr;164(4):829\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599820959674.","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820959674"},{"key":"4001_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horiguchi T, Kondo R. Determination of the preferred tongue position for optimal inhaler use. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2018 May;6(3):1039\u20131041.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.01.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.01.022"},{"key":"4001_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McRobbie DW, Pritchard SE. Studies of the Human Oropharyngeal Airspaces Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. III. The Effects of Device Resistance with Forced Maneuver and Tidal Breathing on Upper Airway Geometry. Journal of Aerosol Medicine. 2005 Sep;18(3):325\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jam.2005.18.325.","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2005.18.325"},{"key":"4001_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poorbahrami K, Mummy DG, Fain SB, Oakes JM. Patient-specific modeling of aerosol delivery in healthy and asthmatic adults. J Appl Physiol. 2019 Dec;127(6):1720\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2019.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2019"},{"key":"4001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wedel J, Steinmann P, \u0160trakl M, Hriber\u0161ek M, Cui Y, Ravnik J. Anatomy matters: The role of the subject-specific respiratory tract on aerosol deposition \u2014 A CFD study. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2022 Nov;401(115372). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cma.2022.115372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2022.115372"},{"key":"4001_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai X, Dong J, Milton-McGurk L, Lee A, Shen Z, Chan HK, et al. Understanding the effects of inhaler resistance on particle deposition behaviour \u2013 A computational modelling study. Comput Biol Med. 2023 Dec;167:107673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107673.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107673"},{"key":"4001_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodenstein DO, Stanescu DC. Soft palate and oronasal breathing in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1984 Sep;57(3):651\u20137.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.3.651"},{"key":"4001_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer JN, Jacobson KW, Messina JC, Kosik-Gonzalez C, Djupesland PG, Mahmound RA. Exhance-12: 1-year\u00a0study of the exhalation delivery system with fluticasone (EDS-FLU) in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allery Rhinol. 2018 Aug;8(8):869\u201376.","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22141"},{"key":"4001_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(99)00547-9","volume":"31","author":"KW Stapleton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stapleton KW, Guentsch E, Hoskinson MK, Finlay WH. On the suitability of k-$$\\epsilon $$ turbulence modeling for aerosol deposition in the mouth and throat: A comparison with experiment. J Aerosol Sci. 2000;31:739\u201349.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"4001_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei X, Hindle M, Kaviratna A, Huynh BK, Delvadia RR, Sandell D, et\u00a0al. In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. VI: Realistic Testing with Different Mouth\u2013Throat Models and In Vitro\u2014In Vivo Correlations for a Dry Powder Inhaler, Metered Dose Inhaler, and Soft Mist Inhaler. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2018 Dec;31(6):358\u2013371.","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2018.1454"},{"key":"4001_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam MR, Larpruenrudee P, Rahman MM, Ullah S, Godder TK, Cui X, et al. How Nanoparticle Aerosols Transport through Multi-Stenosis Sections of Upper Airways: A CFD-DPM Modelling. Atmosphere. 2022 Jul;13(8):1192.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13081192"},{"key":"4001_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaraju ST, Brouns M, Lacor C, Belkassem B, Verbanck S. Large eddy and detached eddy simulations of fluid flow and particle deposition in a human mouth\u2013throat. J Aerosol Sci. 2008 Oct;39(10):862\u201375.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.06.002"},{"key":"4001_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaugule V, Wong CY, Inthavong K, Fletcher DF, Young PM. Soria J et al Combining experimental and computational techniques to understand and improve dry powder inhalers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2022 Jan;19(1):59\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425247.2022.2026922.","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2026922"},{"key":"4001_CR23","first-page":"311","volume":"134","author":"DO Rodenstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rodenstein DO, St\u0103nescu DC. The Soft Palate and Breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:311\u201325.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"4001_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xi J, Longest PW. Transport and Deposition of Micro-Aerosols in Realistic and Simplified Models of the Oral Airway. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007 Mar;35(4):560\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-006-9245-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9245-y"},{"key":"4001_CR25","unstructured":"Pharmacopeial US. $$<$$601$$>$$ Aerosols, Nasal sprays, Metered-Dose Inhalers, and Dry Powders. vol.\u00a035. United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2012."},{"key":"4001_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng KH, Cheng YS, Yeh HC, Swift DL. Measurements of Airway Dimensions and Calculation of Mass Transfer Characteristics of the Human Oral Passage. J Biomech Eng. 1997 Nov;119(4):476\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2798296.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798296"},{"key":"4001_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delvadia RR, Longest PW, Byron PR. In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. I: Scaling a Physical Model of the Upper Airways to Predict Drug Deposition Variation in Normal Humans. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2012 Feb;25(1):32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jamp.2011.0905.","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0905"},{"key":"4001_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delvadia RR, Longest PW, Hindle M, Byron PR. In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. III: Effect of Inhaler Insertion Angle on Aerosol Deposition. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013 Jun;26(3):145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jamp.2012.0989.","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2012.0989"},{"key":"4001_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vara Almirall B, Singh N, Ang HQ, Inthavong K. Impact of oral cavity geometry on micro-sized aerosol deposition in the upper airway during oral inhalation. J Aerosol Sci. 2025 Sep;191:106682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2025.106682.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2025.106682"},{"key":"4001_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao J, Feng Y, Fromen CA. Glottis motion effects on the particle transport and deposition in a subject-specific mouth-to-trachea model: A CFPD study. Comput Biol Med. 2020 Jan;116:103532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103532.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103532"},{"key":"4001_CR31","unstructured":"Newman SP. Principles of Metered-Dose Inhaler Design. Respir Care. 2005 Sep;50(9):1177\u201390."},{"key":"4001_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Itoga NK, Kinoshita CK, Masutani SM, Yamamoto LG. Mechanical factors affecting nebulized albuterol aerosol particle sizes for asthma drug delivery. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Jun;32(6):569\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.02.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.02.015"},{"key":"4001_CR33","unstructured":"Copley M, Parry M, Solomon D, Mitchell J. Comparison between in vitro performance of the\u00a0Child \u201cAlberta\u201d Idealized Throat and Ph.Eur.\/USP induction port for the delivery of salbutamol sulfate inhalation aerosol by pressurized metered dose inhaler. Inhalation. 2015 Apr;."},{"key":"4001_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Talaat M, Si X, Xi J. Effect of MDI Actuation Timing on Inhalation Dosimetry in a Human Respiratory Tract Model. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Jan;15(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15010061.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010061"},{"key":"4001_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Renne RA, Gideon KM. Types and Patterns of Response in the Larynx Following Inhalation. Toxicol Pathol. 2006 Apr;34(3):281\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01926230600695631","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600695631"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1772739523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-025-04001-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0724-8741","1573-904X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0724-8741","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-904X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}