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This porcine study compared steady-state penicillin concentrations in oropharyngeal and frontal sinus tissues following intravenous bolus and continuous administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental\u00a0Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve pigs were randomized to receive either intravenous bolus (Group BI) or continuous (Group CI) infusion of penicillin (1.2\u00a0g). Doses were administered at 0, 6, and 12\u00a0h, with sampling from 12 to 18\u00a0h. Microdialysis was used for sampling in oropharyngeal and frontal sinus tissues, with simultaneous plasma sampling. The primary endpoints were T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC for two MIC targets (0.125 (low target) and 0.5 (high target) \u03bcg\/mL) and attainment of\u2009\u2265\u200950%T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC treatment target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant differences were found between Group BI and CI for either MIC target. The\u2009\u2265\u200950%T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC target was achieved in all compartments except for the high MIC target in oropharyngeal tissue in Group CI (46%). although no statistical significance, T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC in oropharyngeal tissue tended to be longer in Group BI (low target: 98%; high target: 74%) compared with Group CI (low target: 68%; high target: 46%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.19, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implication<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Penicillin bolus and continuous infusion resulted in comparable T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC in oropharyngeal and frontal sinus tissues. However, bolus infusion showed a higher likelihood of attaining\u2009\u2265\u200950%T\u2009&gt;\u2009MIC in oropharyngeal tissue. These findings are specific to the porcine model and dosing regimens used and cannot be directly extrapolated to humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-026-04017-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:56:49Z","timestamp":1769209009000},"page":"373-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Penicillin Concentrations in Oropharyngeal and Frontal Sinus Tissue Following Intravenous Bolus and Continuous Infusion - An Experimental Porcine Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Pelle","family":"Hanberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Bue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maiken","family":"Stilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Ren\u00e9","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Krogsgaard Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanne Gade","family":"Lille\u00f8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus A.","family":"Hvistendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Bille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tejs Ehlers","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"4017_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04180-y","volume":"40","author":"TE Klug","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klug TE, Greve T, Andersen C, Hahn P, Danstrup C, Petersen NK, et al. 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