{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:02:12Z","timestamp":1789182132758,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB.24.215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB.24.215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB.25.206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB.25.206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB.24.206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB.24.206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharm Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1778520619000},"page":"2069-2087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lithocholic Acid-Derived Imidazolium Salts Suppress Breast Cancer Growth: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6804-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Sawicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sadowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Hryniewicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Skonieczna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Guzi\u0144ska-Ustymowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4105_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA A Cancer J Clinicians. 2018;68:394\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21492.","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clinicians"},{"key":"4105_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106535","volume":"84","author":"K Barzaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barzaman K, Karami J, Zarei Z, Hosseinzadeh A, Kazemi MH, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, et al. Breast cancer: biology, biomarkers, and treatments. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106535.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"4105_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01175-y","volume":"124","author":"C Bailleux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bailleux C, Eberst L, Bachelot T. Treatment strategies for breast cancer brain metastases. Br J Cancer. 2021;124:142\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-020-01175-y.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"4105_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.001","volume":"31","author":"P Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks P, Rahman M. Epidemiology of Brain Metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31:481\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.001.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"4105_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34542","volume":"153","author":"S Kannan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kannan S, Cheng VWT. Nanoparticle Drug Delivery to Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis: Current and Future Trends. Intl Journal of Cancer. 2023;153:1118\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.34542.","journal-title":"Intl Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"4105_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101205","volume":"93","author":"R Mattioli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mattioli R, Ilari A, Colotti B, Mosca L, Fazi F, Colotti G. Doxorubicin and Other Anthracyclines in Cancers: Activity, Chemoresistance and Its Overcoming. Mol Aspects Med. 2023;93:101205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101205.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"4105_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.01.001","volume":"80","author":"K Shinlapawittayatorn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shinlapawittayatorn K, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. The Effects of Doxorubicin on Cardiac Calcium Homeostasis and Contractile Function. J Cardiol. 2022;80:125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.01.001.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"4105_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116775","volume":"277","author":"S \u00c7ak\u0131r","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131r S, Ilhan S, Atmaca H, T\u00fcrkmen H. Efficient Synthesis of Novel 1,10 Phenanthroline-Substituted Imidazolium Salts: Exploring Their Anticancer Applications. Eur J Med Chem. 2024;277:116775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116775.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.035","volume":"27","author":"MA DeBord","year":"2017","unstructured":"DeBord MA, Southerland MR, Wagers PO, Tiemann KM, Robishaw NK, Whiddon KT, et al. Synthesis, characterization, in vitro SAR and in vivo evaluation of N,N\u2032bisnaphthylmethyl 2-alkyl substituted imidazolium salts against NSCLC. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2017;27:764\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.035.","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"4105_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115893","volume":"30","author":"MR Southerland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Southerland MR, DeBord MA, Johnson NA, Crabtree SR, Alexander NE, Stromyer ML, et al. Synthesis, characterization, in vitro SAR study, and preliminary in vivo toxicity evaluation of naphthylmethyl substituted bis-imidazolium salts. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;30:115893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115893.","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"4105_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.06.068","volume":"25","author":"S Raghavan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raghavan S, Manogaran P, Gadepalli Narasimha KK, Kalpattu Kuppusami B, Mariyappan P, Gopalakrishnan A, et al. Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel curcumin\u2013quinolone hybrids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2015;25:3601\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.06.068.","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"4105_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117249","volume":"178","author":"P Chawapun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chawapun P, Khamto N, Utama K, Siriphong S, Dechsupa N, Kantapan J, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazolium conjugated with dimethylcardamonin (DMC) as a novel potential agent against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2024;178:117249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117249.","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"4105_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202403213","volume":"9","author":"MS Hobbs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hobbs MS, Chen W, Youngs WJ, Ziegler CJ. 2\u2010ethenyl imidazolium salts: synthesis, characterization, and evaluation as potential chemotherapeutics. ChemistrySelect. 2024;9:e202403213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/slct.202403213.","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"4105_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.151024","volume":"741","author":"M Mavvaji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mavvaji M, Zeyrek CT, Akkoc S. Investigation of the cytotoxic activity, DFT calculation, and docking studies newly synthesized 1,3-disubstituted benzimidazolium chlorides on human liver cancer, lung cancer, and normal embryonic kidney cell lines. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2024;741:151024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.151024.","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"4105_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2019.07.003","volume":"27","author":"H Masuno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masuno H, Kazui Y, Tanatani A, Fujii S, Kawachi E, Ikura T, et al. Development of novel lithocholic acid derivatives as vitamin D receptor agonists. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;27:3674\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2019.07.003.","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"4105_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.117524","volume":"290","author":"G Yadav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadav G, Jain R. An insight into synthetic, structural and medicinal perspective of imidazole analogs: a review. Eur J Med Chem. 2025;290:117524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.117524.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MD00861H","volume":"16","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhou B, Chen Y, Lin J, Shao C, Chen L, et al. Design and Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-1 H -Benzo[d ]Imidazole Derivatives as 17\u03b2-HSD10 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. RSC Med Chem. 2025;16:2467\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4MD00861H.","journal-title":"RSC Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.02.006","volume":"189","author":"A Hryniewicka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hryniewicka A, Malinowska M, Hauschild T, Pieczul K, Morzycki JW. Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of steroid-based imidazolium salts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;189:65\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.02.006.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"4105_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12180","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212180","volume":"22","author":"M Malinowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malinowska M, Sawicka D, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Wielgat P, Car H, Hauschild T, et al. Steroid-Functionalized Imidazolium Salts with an Extended Spectrum of Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity. IJMS. 2021;22:12180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222212180.","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"4105_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137019","volume":"23","author":"D Sawicka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sawicka D, Hryniewicka A, Gohal S, Sadowska A, Pryczynicz A, Guzi\u0144ska-Ustymowicz K, et al. Establishment of In Vitro and In Vivo Anticolorectal Cancer Efficacy of Lithocholic Acid-Based Imidazolium Salts. IJMS. 2022;23:7019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23137019.","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"4105_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.54645\/201032ZUV-12","volume":"3","author":"Z Bojo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bojo Z, Dea\u00f1o C, Jacinto S, Concepcion G. Synergistic in vitro cytotoxicity of adociaquinone B and heptyl prodigiosin against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. SciEnggJ. 2010;3:48\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54645\/201032ZUV-12.","journal-title":"SciEnggJ"},{"key":"4105_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.12.10.18139","volume":"12","author":"S Mollard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mollard S, Mousseau Y, Baaj Y, Richard L, Cook-Moreau J, Monteil J, et al. How can grafted breast cancer models be optimized? Cancer Biol Ther. 2011;12:855\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/cbt.12.10.18139.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"4105_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0458-2","volume":"121","author":"LV Rhodes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rhodes LV, Muir SE, Elliott S, Guillot LM, Antoon JW, Penfornis P, et al. Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Breast Tumorigenesis and Promote Hormone Independence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;121:293\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10549-009-0458-2.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"4105_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118520","volume":"262","author":"N Ghandhariyoun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghandhariyoun N, Jaafari MR, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Taghdisi SM, Moosavian SA. Reducing doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer by liposomal FOXM1 aptamer: in vitro and in vivo. Life Sciences. 2020;262:118520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118520.","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"4105_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPLBK9L9KDYQZP","volume":"137","author":"M Pichler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pichler M, Hutterer GC, Chromecki TF, Jesche J, Kampel-Kettner K, Rehak P, et al. Histologic Tumor Necrosis Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator for Clear Cell and Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;137:283\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPLBK9L9KDYQZP.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4105_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106232","volume":"227","author":"PA Grzes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grzes PA, Sawicka A, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Wielgat P, Sawicka D, Car H, et al. Metal-Promoted Synthesis of Steroidal Ethynyl Selenides Having Anticancer Activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;227:106232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106232.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"4105_CR27","first-page":"1474","volume":"7","author":"S Kagawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kagawa S, Gu J, Honda T, McDonnell TJ, Swisher SG, Roth JA, et al. Deficiency of Caspase-3 in MCF7 Cells Blocks Bax-Mediated Nuclear Fragmentation but Not Cell Death. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:1474\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4105_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020275","volume":"13","author":"H Bousbaa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bousbaa H. Novel Anticancer Strategies Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020275.","journal-title":"Novel Anticancer Strategies Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4105_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw067","volume":"27","author":"H Bonnefoi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonnefoi H, Grellety T, Tredan O, Saghatchian M, Dalenc F, Mailliez A, et al. A Phase II Trial of Abiraterone Acetate plus Prednisone in Patients with Triple-Negative Androgen Receptor Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (UCBG 12\u20131). Ann Oncol. 2016;27:812\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdw067.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4105_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi7","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds187","volume":"23","author":"P Boyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyle P. Triple-negative breast cancer: epidemiological considerations and recommendations. Annals of Oncology. 2012;23:vi7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mds187.","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology"},{"key":"4105_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12579","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02496","volume":"32","author":"D Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang D, De Jong DH, R\u00fchling A, Lesch V, Shimizu K, Wulff S, et al. Imidazolium-Based Lipid Analogues and Their Interaction with Phosphatidylcholine Membranes. Langmuir. 2016;32:12579\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02496.","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"4105_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.12.029","volume":"468","author":"CP Frizzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frizzo CP, Gindri IM, Bender CR, Tier AZ, Villetti MA, Rodrigues DC, et al. Effect on Aggregation Behavior of Long-Chain Spacers of Dicationic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solution. Colloids Surf, A. 2015;468:285\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.12.029.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf, A"},{"key":"4105_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2018.04.002","volume":"1859","author":"E Mik\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mik\u00f3 E, Vida A, Kov\u00e1cs T, Ujlaki G, Trencs\u00e9nyi G, M\u00e1rton J, et al. Lithocholic acid, a bacterial metabolite reduces breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressiveness. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 2018;1859:958\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbabio.2018.04.002.","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics"},{"key":"4105_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115494","volume":"28","author":"A Kocev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kocev A, Melamed J, Wang S, Kong X, Vlahakis JZ, Xu Y, et al. Inhibition of Bacterial Growth and Galactosyltransferase Activity of WbwC by \u03b1, \u03c9-Bis(3-Alkyl-1H-Imidazolium)Alkane Salts: Effect of Varying Carbon Content. Bioorg Med Chem. 2020;28:115494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115494.","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200085","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202200085","volume":"355","author":"HF Babamale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babamale HF, Khor B, Chear NJ, Yam WS. Safe and Selective Anticancer Agents from Tetrafluorinated Azobenzene-imidazolium Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Effects. Arch Pharm. 2022;355:2200085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ardp.202200085.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm"},{"key":"4105_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01120","volume":"66","author":"RG Teixeira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teixeira RG, Salaroglio IC, Oliveira NFB, Sequeira JGN, Fontrodona X, Romero I, et al. Fighting Multidrug Resistance with Ruthenium-Cyclopentadienyl Compounds: Unveiling the Mechanism of P-Gp Inhibition. J Med Chem. 2023;66:14080\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01120.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.4","volume":"91","author":"B Gopalan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gopalan B, Ke Z, Zhang C, Kng Y, Suhaimi N-AM, Riduan SN, et al. Metal-Free Imidazolium Salts Inhibit the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Mouse Model. Lab Invest. 2011;91:744\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.2011.4.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"4105_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.05.022","volume":"35","author":"B Gopalan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gopalan B, Narayanan K, Ke Z, Lu T, Zhang Y, Zhuo L. Therapeutic Effect of a Multi-Targeted Imidazolium Compound in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomaterials. 2014;35:7479\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.05.022.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4105_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111832","volume":"185","author":"ML Stromyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stromyer ML, Southerland MR, Satyal U, Sikder RK, Weader DJ, Baughman JA, et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of a Triphenylphosphonium-Containing Imidazolium Salt against Select Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Eur J Med Chem. 2020;185:111832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111832.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"4105_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/384010","volume":"2008","author":"DA Medvetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Medvetz DA, Hindi KM, Panzner MJ, Ditto AJ, Yun YH, Youngs WJ. Anticancer Activity of Ag(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Derived from 4,5-Dichloro-1H-Imidazole. Met-Based Drugs. 2008;2008:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/384010.","journal-title":"Met-Based Drugs"},{"key":"4105_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185535","volume":"26","author":"OA Lenis-Rojas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lenis-Rojas OA, Cordeiro S, Horta-Meireles M, Fern\u00e1ndez JAA, Fern\u00e1ndez Vila S, Rubiolo JA, et al. N-heterocyclic carbene iron complexes as anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo biological studies. Molecules. 2021;26:5535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26185535.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4105_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c07830","author":"W Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng W, Li J, Cheng J, Yang J, Yang L, Dong H, et al. Core\u2013shell microneedle patch with controlled sequential release of CuO2@ZIF-8 nanoparticles and VEGF for synergistic treatment of infected wounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.5c07830.","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"4105_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.22218","author":"U Acar \u00c7evik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acar \u00c7evik U, Celik I, G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc \u015e, \u015eahin Inan ZD, Bostanc\u0131 HE, \u00d6zkay Y, et al. New benzimidazole\u2010oxadiazole derivatives as potent VEGFR\u20102 inhibitors: synthesis, anticancer evaluation, and docking study. Drug Development Research. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ddr.22218.","journal-title":"Drug Development Research"},{"key":"4105_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2022.105194","volume":"245","author":"P Misiak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Misiak P, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Markiewicz KH, Wielgat P, Car H, et al. Doxorubicin Delivery Systems with an Acetylacetone-Based Block in Cholesterol-Terminated Copolymers: Diverse Activity against Estrogen-Dependent and Estrogen-Independent Breast Cancer Cells. Chem Phys Lipid. 2022;245:105194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2022.105194.","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipid"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:44:23Z","timestamp":1783629863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04105-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0724-8741","1573-904X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0724-8741","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-904X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were carried out by the European Directive (2010\/63\/EU). All animal procedures were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Olsztyn Local Ethics Committee No. 68\/2022.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Interest Statement"}}]}}