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The performance of the formulation was evaluated using antioxidant activity assays,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release assays, occlusion assays, and stability assays under various conditions. The distribution of curcumin in pig skin\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed using permeability assays and visualized by confocal microscopy. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                      applying PT or ST under different conditions. The cytotoxicity of the formulation was evaluated using HaCaT cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The curcumin-loaded lipid nanocarriers had a size of 63\u00a0nm, a polydispersity index of 0.202, a zeta potential of -41\u00a0mV, and an encapsulation efficiency\u2009&gt;\u200995%. The properties of curcumin were enhanced by the lipid nanocarrier formulation, including stability, antioxidant activity, and skin-penetrating capacity. The antimicrobial activity of the formulation against the two strains was very low when combined with PT (&lt;\u200912%), whereas ST achieved complete inhibition of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . HaCaT viability was unaffected by the formulation or light.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed formulation may be a promising alternative for improving curcumin properties, preserving its stability, and enhancing its antimicrobial activity, particularly when combined with ST.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-026-04138-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:18:06Z","timestamp":1791397086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin-loaded Lipid Nanocarriers When Applying Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Skin Infections"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Molina-Alejandre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Villanueva-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Nava-Arzaluz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Abril","family":"P\u00e9rez-Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Becerril-Osnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo Hedain","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal Dal\u00ed","family":"Cruz-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Alejandra","family":"Luna-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Cerecedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivette","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vieyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Andrea","family":"Trejo-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selene","family":"Pascual-Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda I.","family":"Chirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Ispanixtlahuatl-Meraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Ganem-Rondero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4138_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17055972","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Liu X, Zhou L. 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