{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:50:57Z","timestamp":1791305457718,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharm Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:39:27Z","timestamp":1788395967000},"page":"2989-3010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semaglutide Bioavailability: Limitations, Formulation Innovation and Future Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6651-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahin","family":"Vahora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4185_CR1","unstructured":"Kommu S, Whitfield P. Semaglutide. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026."},{"key":"4185_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212585","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212585","volume":"8","author":"ME R\u00f8der","year":"2019","unstructured":"R\u00f8der ME. Clinical potential of treatment with semaglutide in type 2 diabetes patients. Drugs Context. 2019;8:212585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.212585.","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"4185_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.140","volume":"8","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:728\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2012.140.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","volume":"27","author":"DJ Drucker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27:740\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00155","volume":"10","author":"LB Knudsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knudsen LB, Lau J. The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00155.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4185_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2337\/cd19-0079","volume":"38","author":"S Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes S, Neumiller JJ. Oral semaglutide. Clin Diabetes. 2020;38:109\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd19-0079.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"4185_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0749","volume":"42","author":"VR Aroda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, Altuntas Y, Lalic NM, Morales Villegas EC, et al. Pioneer 1: randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in comparison with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1724\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0749.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4185_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0883","volume":"42","author":"HW Rodbard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodbard HW, Rosenstock J, Canani LH, Deerochanawong C, Gumprecht J, Lindberg S\u00d8, et al. Oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on metformin: the pioneer 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:2272\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0883.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4185_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31271-1","volume":"394","author":"R Pratley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pratley R, Amod A, Hoff ST, Kadowaki T, Lingvay I, Nauck M, et al. Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial. Lancet. 2019;394:39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31271-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4185_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, J\u00f3dar E, Leiter LA, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4185_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","volume":"384","author":"JPH Wilding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4185_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00213-0","volume":"397","author":"M Davies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davies M, F\u00e6rch L, Jeppesen OK, Pakseresht A, Pedersen SD, Perreault L, et al. Semaglutide 2\u00b74 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397:971\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00213-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4185_CR13","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"G Price","year":"2026","unstructured":"Price G, Patel DA. Drug bioavailability. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026."},{"key":"4185_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1193-2","volume":"31","author":"A Olivares-Morales","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olivares-Morales A, Hatley OJD, Turner D, Galetin A, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A. The use of roc analysis for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability from animal data. Pharm Res. 2014;31:720\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-013-1193-2.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"4185_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809842","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2026.1809842","volume":"6","author":"N-U-A Khalid","year":"2026","unstructured":"Khalid N-U-A, Rivera-Delgado E, Von Erlach T. Navigating the complexity of oral peptide delivery: challenges and strategies to enhance oral bioavailability. Front Drug Deliv. 2026;6:1809842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fddev.2026.1809842.","journal-title":"Front Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4185_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.938","volume":"10","author":"TA B\u00e6kdal","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00e6kdal TA, Donsmark M, Hartoft\u2010Nielsen M, S\u00f8ndergaard FL, Connor A. Relationship between oral semaglutide tablet erosion and pharmacokinetics: a pharmacoscintigraphic study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021;10:453\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpdd.938.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"key":"4185_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189936","volume":"22","author":"HS Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HS, Jung CH. Oral semaglutide, the first ingestible glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: could it be a magic bullet for type 2 diabetes? IJMS. 2021;22:9936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22189936.","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"4185_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_522_21","volume":"26","author":"S Kalra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalra S, Das S, Zargar AH. A review of oral semaglutide available evidence: a new era of management of diabetes with peptide in a pill form. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2022;26:98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_522_21.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaar7047","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar7047","volume":"10","author":"ST Buckley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buckley ST, B\u00e6kdal TA, Vegge A, Maarbjerg SJ, Pyke C, Ahnfelt-R\u00f8nne J, et al. Transcellular stomach absorption of a derivatized glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10:eaar7047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar7047.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"4185_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-021-00341-8","volume":"21","author":"S Niman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niman S, Hardy J, Goldfaden RF, Reid J, Sheikh-Ali M, Sutton D, et al. A review on the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide. Drugs R D. 2021;21:133\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40268-021-00341-8.","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"4185_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09735-8","volume":"23","author":"VR Aroda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aroda VR, Blonde L, Pratley RE. A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23:979\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09735-8.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"4185_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0581-y","volume":"10","author":"RV Overgaard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Overgaard RV, Delff PH, Petri KCC, Anderson TW, Flint A, Ingwersen SH. Population pharmacokinetics of semaglutide for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10:649\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-019-0581-y.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.02.019","volume":"14","author":"B Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding B, Zhu Z, Guo C, Li J, Gan Y, Yu M. Oral peptide therapeutics for diabetes treatment: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024;14:2006\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.02.019.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"4185_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00713-9","volume":"13","author":"FG Eliaschewitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eliaschewitz FG, Canani LH. Advances in GLP-1 treatment: focus on oral semaglutide. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2021;13:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-021-00713-9.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"4185_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00894-y","volume":"11","author":"S Kalra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalra S, Sahay R. A review on semaglutide: an oral glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11:1965\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-020-00894-y.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000351","volume":"29","author":"M Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan M, Dimitriou A, Lam S. Semaglutide: a novel oral glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiol Rev. 2021;29:100\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000351.","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"4185_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09699-1","volume":"23","author":"MK Mahapatra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23:521\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-021-09699-1.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"4185_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01548-y","volume":"38","author":"A Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi A, Xie P, Nielsen LL, Skj\u00f8th TV, He X, Haugaard SP. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in healthy Chinese subjects: a double-blind, phase 1, randomized controlled trial. Adv Ther. 2021;38:550\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01548-y.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00951-6","volume":"60","author":"JN Clements","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clements JN, Isaacs D, Hartman RE, Gambill K. Pharmacokinetics and clinical implications of oral semaglutide for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021;60:153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-020-00951-6.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"4185_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S470826","volume":"18","author":"X-D Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang X-D, Yang Y-Y. Clinical pharmacokinetics of semaglutide: a systematic review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024;18:2555\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S470826.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13186","volume":"20","author":"L Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen L, Kupcova V, Arold G, Pettersson J, Hjerpsted JB. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of semaglutide in people with hepatic impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:998\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13186.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008132","DOI":"10.37349\/eds.2025.1008132","volume":"3","author":"R Weiskirchen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weiskirchen R. Resmetirom and semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (Mash): a comparative perspective. Explor Drug Sci. 2025;3:1008132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/eds.2025.1008132.","journal-title":"Explor Drug Sci"},{"key":"4185_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01025-x","volume":"60","author":"RV Overgaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Overgaard RV, Navarria A, Ingwersen SH, B\u00e6kdal TA, Kildemoes RJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide: analyses of data from clinical pharmacology trials. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021;60:1335\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-021-01025-x.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"4185_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112735","volume":"13","author":"AA Amer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amer AA, Bingle L, Elkordy AA, Chaw CS. Overcoming oral cavity barriers for peptide delivery using advanced pharmaceutical techniques and nano-formulation platforms. Biomedicines. 2025;13:2735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13112735.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4185_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Han J, Wu W, Dang B. Oral delivery of semaglutide and tirzepatide using milk-derived small extracellular vesicles 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.12.28.630566","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.28.630566"},{"key":"4185_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2337\/cd22-0118","volume":"42","author":"C Solis-Herrera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solis-Herrera C, Kane MP, Triplitt C. Current understanding of sodium n-(8-[2-hydroxylbenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC) as an absorption enhancer: the oral semaglutide experience. Clin Diabetes. 2024;42:74\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd22-0118.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"4185_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01000-w","volume":"12","author":"AL Lewis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lewis AL, McEntee N, Holland J, Patel A. Development and approval of rybelsus (oral semaglutide): ushering in a new era in peptide delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2022;12:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-021-01000-w.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"key":"4185_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64891-0","volume":"16","author":"KJ Colston","year":"2025","unstructured":"Colston KJ, Faivre KT, Schneebeli ST. Permeation enhancer-induced membrane defects assist the oral absorption of peptide drugs. Nat Commun. 2025;16:9512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-64891-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4185_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-023-01223-9","volume":"62","author":"M Van Hout","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Hout M, Forte P, Jensen TB, Boschini C, B\u00e6kdal TA. Effect of various dosing schedules on the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide: a randomised trial in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62:635\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-023-01223-9.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"4185_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-025-01702-1","volume":"16","author":"M Hassanein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hassanein M, Alawadi F, AlKadhim I, Aly H, Bajawi D, Cinar T, et al. O-sema-fast: a prospective, non-interventional study investigating oral semaglutide use in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan. Diabetes Ther. 2025;16:663\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-025-01702-1.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-808-P","volume":"73","author":"M Hassanein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassanein M, Alkadhim I, Aly H, Bajawi D, Cinar T, Dhanwal D, et al. 808-p: impact of fasting on adherence to dosing instructions and efficacy of oral semaglutide during Ramadan in people with type 2 diabetes in real-world setting\u2014o-sema-fast subanalysis. Diabetes. 2024;73:808-P. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-808-P.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4185_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47994","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000047994","volume":"105","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ahmad N, Alruwayyes A, Alarjani A, Tawhari A, Aldosri A, Alahmari A, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105:e47994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000047994.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"4185_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15624","volume":"26","author":"P Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie P, Abildlund MT, B\u00e6kdal TA, He X, Lyauk YK, Patted URH, et al. A phase 1, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in healthy Chinese subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:3068\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15624.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019889064","volume":"54","author":"K Cowart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cowart K. Oral semaglutide: first-in-class oral GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54:478\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1060028019889064.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"4185_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040397","volume":"17","author":"KC Baral","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baral KC, Choi KY. Barriers and strategies for oral peptide and protein therapeutics delivery: update on clinical advances. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17:397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040397.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4185_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46671","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000046671","volume":"104","author":"HB Bhattarai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhattarai HB, Paudel BS, Parajuli SR, Dahal K, Shah S, Bhattarai M, et al. Gastrointestinal side effects of the non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2025;104:e46671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000046671.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"4185_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776167","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2026.1776167","volume":"6","author":"SK Niazi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Niazi SK. Oral delivery of peptides and proteins: pharmacokinetic boundaries, negative selection, and route triage. Front Drug Deliv. 2026;6:1776167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fddev.2026.1776167.","journal-title":"Front Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4185_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14957","volume":"25","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meier JJ, Bardtrum L, Cheng AYY, Malling B, Montanya E, Wagner L, et al. Body weight loss with oral semaglutide is mediated predominantly by effects other than gastrointestinal adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:1130\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14957.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14265","volume":"15","author":"T Horii","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horii T, Masudo C, Takayanagi Y, Oikawa Y, Shimada A, Mihara K. Adherence and treatment discontinuation of oral semaglutide and once-weekly semaglutide injection at 12 month follow-up: Japanese real-world data. J of Diabetes Invest. 2024;15:1578\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.14265.","journal-title":"J of Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"4185_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02369-4","volume":"47","author":"C Formichi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Formichi C, Baronti W, de Gennaro G, Cerrai Ceroni M, Nigi L, Rizzo L, et al. Real-world use of oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients: which option to which patient? J Endocrinol Invest. 2024;47:2679\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02369-4.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"4185_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645617","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.645617","volume":"12","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meier JJ. Efficacy of semaglutide in a subcutaneous and an oral formulation. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:645617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.645617.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01224-8","volume":"18","author":"ZA Mouhammad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mouhammad ZA, Rombaut A, Berm\u00fadez MYG, Vohra R, Tribble JR, Williams PA, et al. Systemic semaglutide provides a mild vasoprotective and antineuroinflammatory effect in a rat model of ocular hypertensive glaucoma. Mol Brain. 2025;18:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13041-025-01224-8.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"4185_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695182","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.695182","volume":"12","author":"P Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong P, Zeng H, Huang M, He G, Chen Z. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous and oral semaglutide administration in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:695182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.695182.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4185_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020078","volume":"11","author":"C Twarog","year":"2019","unstructured":"Twarog C, Fattah S, Heade J, Maher S, Fattal E, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral delivery of macromolecules: a comparison between salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate(C10). Pharmaceutics. 2019;11:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020078.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4185_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0728-4","volume":"58","author":"C Granhall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Granhall C, Donsmark M, Blicher TM, Golor G, S\u00f8ndergaard FL, Thomsen M, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the novel oral human GLP-1 analogue, oral semaglutide, in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58:781\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-018-0728-4.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"4185_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0185","volume":"22","author":"JD Bucheit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bucheit JD, Pamulapati LG, Carter N, Malloy K, Dixon DL, Sisson EM. Oral semaglutide: a review of the first oral glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22:10\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2019.0185.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060680","volume":"18","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kim D-H, Hwang S-K, Yoon J-H, Na DH, Park Y-J, Chae Y-J, et al. Formulation engineering of oral semaglutide tablets: unleashing gastric intestinal permeation with sodium caprate. Pharmaceutics. 2026;18:680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060680.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4185_CR58","unstructured":"Patel A, Nagamalla R. Oral dispersible film of semaglutide and preparation method thereof. US20250114435A1, 2025."},{"key":"4185_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aakash Kumar Sirohi. Controlled release tablet for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus-a review 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.10682345.","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.10682345"},{"key":"4185_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12204","volume":"6","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Duan J, Kesisoglou F, Novakovic J, Amidon G, Jamei M, et al. Mechanistic oral absorption modeling and simulation for formulation development and bioequivalence evaluation: report of an fda public workshop: mechanistic oral absorption modeling and simulation for formulation development and bioequivalence evaluation. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2017;6:492\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12204.","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"4185_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9098-z","volume":"11","author":"W Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang W, Lee SL, Yu LX. Mechanistic approaches to predicting oral drug absorption. AAPS J. 2009;11:217\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12248-009-9098-z.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"4185_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.69613\/x2158555","volume-title":"Computer aided drug development","author":"G Saha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saha G, et al. Computer simulations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In: Gurugubelli S, Sarella PNK, Mangam VT, Shaikh JS, Chennupati VS, Shaik M, editors., et al., Computer aided drug development. 1st ed. Thinkplus Pharma Publications; 2024. p. 392\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69613\/x2158555.","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"4185_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1552258","volume":"20","author":"MS Hedrington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hedrington MS, Davis SN. Oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20:133\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2018.1552258.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"4185_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdellatif MM, Ahmed SM, El-Nabarawi MA, Teaima M. Nano-delivery systems for enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs. Int J App Pharm 2023: 13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ijap.2023v15i1.46758.","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2023v15i1.46758"},{"key":"4185_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-019-00423-8","volume":"11","author":"MF Rasmussen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasmussen MF. The development of oral semaglutide, an oral GLP-1 analog, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Int. 2020;11:76\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13340-019-00423-8.","journal-title":"Diabetol Int"},{"key":"4185_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01499-w","volume":"81","author":"A Andersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsb\u00f8ll T. A pharmacological and clinical overview of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs. 2021;81:1003\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01499-w.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"4185_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01478-9","volume":"37","author":"A Sofogianni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sofogianni A, Tziomalos K. Oral semaglutide, a new option in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:4165\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01478-9.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30024-X","volume":"6","author":"RE Pratley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I, L\u00fcdemann J, Andreassen C, Navarria A, et al. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:275\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30024-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01185-6","volume":"402","author":"FK Knop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knop FK, Aroda VR, Do Vale RD, Holst-Hansen T, Laursen PN, Rosenstock J, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402:705\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01185-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4185_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01479-4","volume":"402","author":"P Manjoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manjoo P, Sharma AM. Oral semaglutide: an OASIS from injectables. Lancet. 2023;402:670\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01479-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4185_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.3599","volume":"185","author":"T Kadowaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kadowaki T, Heftdal LD, Ko H-J, Overvad M, Shimomura I, Thamattoor UK, et al. Oral semaglutide in an East Asian population with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes: the OASIS 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2025;185:1206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.3599.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4185_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2500969","volume":"393","author":"S Wharton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wharton S, Lingvay I, Bogdanski P, Duque Do Vale R, Jacob S, Karlsson T, et al. Oral semaglutide at a dose of 25 mg in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:1077\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2500969.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4185_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15431","volume":"26","author":"O Moreno-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez O, Reyes-Garcia R, Modrego-Pardo I, Doulatram-Gamgaram VK, Cases CC, Guillen-Morote C, et al. Real-world effectiveness and safety of oral semaglutide in people living with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide multicentre retrospective observational study ( endo2 s-rwd ). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:1519\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15431.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01226-y","volume":"13","author":"M Jani\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jani\u0107 M, Rizzo M, Cosentino F, Pantea Stoian A, Lunder M, \u0160abovi\u0107 M, et al. Effect of oral semaglutide on cardiovascular parameters and their mechanisms in patients with type 2 diabetes: rationale and design of the semaglutide anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of action study(Samas). Diabetes Ther. 2022;13:795\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-022-01226-y.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164752","volume":"13","author":"P Pantanetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pantanetti P, Ronconi V, Sguanci M, Palomares SM, Mancin S, Tartaglia FC, et al. Oral semaglutide in type 2 diabetes: clinical\u2013metabolic outcomes and quality of life in real-world practice. JCM. 2024;13:4752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13164752.","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"4185_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2051476","volume":"19","author":"H Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran H, ElSayed MEH. Progress and limitations of oral peptide delivery as a potentially transformative therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2022;19:163\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425247.2022.2051476.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4185_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ismail R, Cs\u00f3ka I. Potential of polymeric and Lipid based nanocarriers for oral GLP-1 analogue delivery. II. Symposium of Young Researchers on Pharmaceutical Technology, Biotechnology and Regulatory Science, Szeged, Hungary: Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy; 2020, p. 14\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14232\/syrptbrs.2020.op9.","DOI":"10.14232\/syrptbrs.2020.op9"},{"key":"4185_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.12.40","volume":"3","author":"EP Herrero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herrero EP, Alonso MJ, Csaba N. Polymer-based oral peptide nanomedicines. Ther Deliv. 2012;3:657\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/tde.12.40.","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"4185_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121585","volume":"15","author":"JC Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim JC, Park EJ, Na DH. Gastrointestinal permeation enhancers for the development of oral peptide pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15:1585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15121585.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"4185_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010041","volume":"11","author":"S Maher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maher S, Brayden DJ, Casettari L, Illum L. Application of permeation enhancers in oral delivery of macromolecules: an update. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010041.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4185_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-1677-P","volume":"73","author":"U Naessens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naessens U, Gutjahr A, Blache G, Hakim S, Marechal A, Noel R, et al. 1677-p: adoral-a versatile platform for improved oral peptide absorption. Diabetes. 2024;73:1677-P. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-1677-P.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4185_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102763","volume":"37","author":"X Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang K, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Yi L, Li X, et al. Strategies for overcoming multiple barriers of oral administration of protein and peptide therapeutics. Mater Today Bio. 2026;37:102763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102763.","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"4185_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201820666230418091506","volume":"21","author":"LE Hashim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hashim LE, Sabri AH, Mohamad MA, Anjani QK, Mustaffa MF, Abdul Hamid K. Circumventing the gastrointestinal barrier for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides (Ppts): current trends and future trajectories. Curr Drug Deliv. 2024;21:211\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567201820666230418091506.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4185_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mamata Wadkar NK. Gastroprotective drug delivery systems: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, formulation strategies, and clinical applications 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.17346896.","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.17346896"},{"key":"4185_CR85","unstructured":"Jensen SB, Sauerberg P, Nielsen FS, Pedersen BL, Skibsted E. Tablet formulation comprising semaglutide and a delivery agent. US9993430B2, 2018."},{"key":"4185_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14752","volume":"318","author":"M Davies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen M-L, Hansen OKH, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J. Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318:1460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.14752.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4185_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30013-X","volume":"5","author":"C Sorli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorli C, Harashima S-I, Tsoukas GM, Unger J, Karsb\u00f8l JD, Hansen T, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:251\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30013-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0458-5","volume":"9","author":"KC Carlsson Petri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carlsson Petri KC, Ingwersen SH, Flint A, Zacho J, Overgaard RV. Semaglutide s. c. once-weekly in type 2 diabetes: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:1533\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-018-0458-5.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0417","volume":"41","author":"AJ Ahmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G, Dotta F, Henkel E, Lingvay I, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide er in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): a 56-week, open-label, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:258\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-0417.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4185_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00070","volume":"103","author":"HW Rodbard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J, de la Rosa R, Rose L, Sugimoto D, et al. Semaglutide added to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:2291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-00070.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0898","volume":"42","author":"B Zinman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zinman B, Aroda VR, Buse JB, Cariou B, Harris SB, Hoff ST, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of oral semaglutide versus placebo added to insulin with or without metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: the pioneer 8 trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:2262\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0898.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4185_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.100944","volume":"28","author":"Y Alhindi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhindi Y, Avery A. The efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide for glycaemic management in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to subcutaneous semaglutide, placebo, and other GLP-1 RA comparators: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2022;28:100944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.100944.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"4185_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.17141","author":"K Drygalski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Drygalski K, Pastuszak K, Modzelewska B. The assessment of non-inferiority of oral vs. subcutaneous semaglutide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.17141.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"4185_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82497","author":"J Karedath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karedath J, Nall S, Kaur M, Lokhandwala A, Aqel YH, Maali Abusal A, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.82497.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4185_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2025.2462100","volume":"20","author":"J Kwon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwon J, Thiara D, Watanabe JH. Oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide weight loss outcomes after two years among patients with type 2 diabetes in a real-world database. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2025;20:163\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17446651.2025.2462100.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01327.x","volume":"13","author":"WH Polonsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Hessler D, Bruhn D, Best JH. Patient perspectives on once-weekly medications for diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:144\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01327.x.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01561-1","volume":"38","author":"A Igarashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Igarashi A, Bekker Hansen B, Langer J, Tavella F, Collings H, Davies N, et al. Preference for oral and injectable GLP-1 RA therapy profiles in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a discrete choice experiment. Adv Ther. 2021;38:721\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01561-1.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"4185_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2020.1722678","volume":"23","author":"BB Hansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen BB, Nuhoho S, Ali SN, Dang-Tan T, Valentine WJ, Malkin SJP, et al. Oral semaglutide versus injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a cost of control analysis. J Med Econ. 2020;23:650\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13696998.2020.1722678.","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"4185_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2090794","volume":"134","author":"A Hammerman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hammerman A, Moore CM, Aboalhasan E, Azuri J, Arbel R. Oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events: cost per outcome analysis of SUSTAIN-6 and PIONEER-6. Postgrad Med. 2022;134:654\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2022.2090794.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"4185_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00726","volume":"58","author":"J Lau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lau J, Bloch P, Sch\u00e4ffer L, Pettersson I, Spetzler J, Kofoed J, et al. Discovery of the once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide. J Med Chem. 2015;58:7370\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00726.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"4185_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.101117","volume":"46","author":"MS Capehorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capehorn MS, Catarig A-M, Furberg JK, Janez A, Price HC, Tadayon S, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0mg vs once-daily liraglutide 1.2mg as add-on to 1-3 oral antidiabetic drugs in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 10). Diabetes Metab. 2020;46:100\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.101117.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"4185_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30075-9","volume":"8","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Katagiri H, Hamamoto Y, Deenadayalan S, Navarria A, Nishijima K, et al. Dose-response, efficacy, and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 9): a 52-week, phase 2\/3a, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:377\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30075-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30074-7","volume":"8","author":"D Yabe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yabe D, Nakamura J, Kaneto H, Deenadayalan S, Navarria A, Gislum M, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 10): an open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:392\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30074-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"4185_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.69008","author":"J Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen J, Nadora D, Bernstein E, How-Volkman C, Truong A, Akhtar M, et al. Semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists for weight loss in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.69008.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4185_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16126","volume":"53","author":"B Stretton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stretton B, Kovoor J, Bacchi S, Chang S, Ngoi B, Murray T, et al. Weight loss with subcutaneous semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Intern Med J. 2023;53:1311\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.16126.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"4185_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102511","volume":"16","author":"MS Zaazouee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaazouee MS, Hamdallah A, Helmy SK, Hasabo EA, Sayed AK, Gbreel MI, et al. Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16:102511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102511.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:54:37Z","timestamp":1791302077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-026-04185-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0724-8741","1573-904X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0724-8741","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-904X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate is not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}