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To overcome these complications,\n                      <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      gel formulations are developed as a promising strategy for long-term management of chronic inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. Furthermore, this system is evaluated with an earlier naproxen formulation prepared using sodium alginate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thermogels containing varying chitosan concentrations were prepared at pH 7.4 and 37\u00b0C, followed by drug loading. Key physicochemical properties, including injectability, gelation time, and sol\u2013gel fraction, were evaluated.\n                      <jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release studies were conducted using a dialysis membrane with a USP dissolution basket apparatus-I. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats with carrageenan-induced hind ankle inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results indicated that formulations with higher polymer content exhibited shorter gelation times and increased gel fractions.\n                      <jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release from F6CGP demonstrated sustained naproxen sodium delivery, following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian diffusion kinetics (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.45).\n                      <jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the swelling of the inflamed hind ankle joint decreased progressively over 72\u00a0h (\u2248 -2.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73\u00a0mm), confirming effective anti-inflammatory action; relatively better as compared to the previous sodium alginate system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>In-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      chitosan\/\u03b2-glycerol gel-forming injectable formulation F6CGP provides sustained naproxen sodium release and shows potential as a therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. The results also indicate that this polymeric system can play a key role in modulating critical formulation parameters i.e. gelation time, gel fraction, injectability, drug release etc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-026-04197-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:39:44Z","timestamp":1790105984000},"page":"3427-3439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Sustained Release Chitosan\/\u03b2-Glycerol Phosphate-Based Injectable Thermo-Gels Containing Naproxen Sodium: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia Jafar","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir Ali","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haashim","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawdha","family":"Benziane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoochehr","family":"Rasekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.07.006","volume":"6","author":"EM Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed EM. 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