{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:24:52Z","timestamp":1790623492125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022419","name":"National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017894","name":"Wessex Academic Health Science Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017894","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017291","name":"Health and Social Care Northern Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Clin Pharm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome, after exposure medication known to cause withdrawal is recognised, yet under described in adult intensive care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To\u00a0investigate, opioid, sedation, and preadmission medication practice in critically ill adults with focus on aspects associated with iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-day point prevalence study in UK intensive care units (ICUs). We collected ICU admission medication and\/or substances with withdrawal potential, sedation policy, opioid and sedative use, dose, and duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven from 39 participating ICUs contributed data from 386 patients. The prevalence rate for parenteral opioid and sedative medication was 56.1% (212 patients). Twenty-three ICUs (59%) had no sedation\/analgesia policy, and no ICUs screened for iatrogenic withdrawal. Patient admission medications with withdrawal-potential included antidepressants or antipsychotics (43, 20.3%) and nicotine (41, 19.3%). Of 212 patients, 202 (95.3%) received opioids, 163 (76.9%) sedatives and 153 (72.2%) both. Two hundred and two (95.3%) patients received opioids: 167 (82.7%) by continuous infusions and 90 (44.6%) patients for longer than 96-h. One hundred and sixty-three (76.9%) patients received sedatives: 157 (77.7%) by continuous infusions and 74 (45.4%) patients for longer than 96-h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid sedative and admission medication with iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome potential prevalence rates were high, and a high proportion of ICUs had no sedative\/analgesic policies. Nearly half of patients received continuous opioids and sedatives for longer than 96-h placing them at high risk of iatrogenic withdrawal. No participating unit reported using a validated tool for iatrogenic withdrawal assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01614-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T12:01:46Z","timestamp":1689422506000},"page":"1167-1175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Opioid, sedative, preadmission medication and iatrogenic withdrawal risk in UK adult critically ill patients: a point prevalence study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Eadie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5190-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathrine A.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hadfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Kalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Bolesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Dempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4583-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bronagh","family":"Blackwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"UK ALERT-ICU study investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003259","volume":"46","author":"J Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin J, Skrobik Y, Gelinas Cl, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:1532\u201348.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1614_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6149","volume":"12","author":"TD Girard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12:S3.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1614_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffei MV, Laehn S, Bianchini M, et al. Risk factors associated with opioid\/benzodiazepine iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. 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All remaining authors report no additional conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}