{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:30:21Z","timestamp":1786116621237,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Clin Pharm"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:37:05Z","timestamp":1786016225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-generated patient information leaflets for oral anticoagulants: quality, usability, readability, and reproducibility compared with FDA-referenced materials"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Amer","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Maazuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Al Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihtisham","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakam Abdallah","family":"Alzaeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Qintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishana Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biplab","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9921","key":"2203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62343-0","volume":"383","author":"CT Ruff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62343-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.011","volume":"74","author":"CT January","year":"2019","unstructured":"January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al. 2019 AHA\/ACC\/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(1):104\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.011.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2023.100044","volume":"7","author":"MH Tran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tran MH, Nguyen HH, Mai QK, et al. Knowledge and medication adherence of oral anticoagulant-taking patients in Vietnam. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2023;7(1):100044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rpth.2023.100044.","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"21","key":"2203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021601","volume":"10","author":"J An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An J, Bider Z, Luong TQ, et al. Long-term medication adherence trajectories to direct oral anticoagulants and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(21):e021601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.121.021601.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2007.03.024","volume":"67","author":"MS Wolf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolf MS, Davis TC, Shrank W, et al. To err is human: patient misinterpretations of prescription drug label instructions. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;67(3):293\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2007.03.024.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"5","key":"2203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721714540220","volume":"40","author":"SC Bailey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bailey SC, Brega AG, Crutchfield TM, et al. Update on health literacy and diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2014;40(5):581\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145721714540220.","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005","volume":"155","author":"ND Berkman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, et al. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7972","key":"2203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2","volume":"620","author":"K Singhal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","volume":"183","author":"JW Ayers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, et al. Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):589\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","volume":"55","author":"Z Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji Z, Lee N, Frieske R, et al. Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Comput Surv. 2023;55(12):1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3571730.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.223312","volume":"307","author":"S Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas S. ChatGPT and the future of medical writing. Radiology. 2023;307(2):e223312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.223312.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00873-0","volume":"6","author":"B Mesk\u00f3","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mesk\u00f3 B, Topol EJ. The imperative for regulatory oversight of large language models (or generative AI) in healthcare. NPJ Digit Med. 2023;6(1):120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00873-0.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-024-01839-2","volume":"47","author":"B De Busser","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Busser B, Roth L, De Loof H. The role of large language models in self-care: a study and benchmark on medicines and supplement guidance accuracy. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):1001\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-024-01839-2.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027","volume":"96","author":"SJ Shoemaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","volume":"53","author":"D Charnock","year":"1999","unstructured":"Charnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, et al. DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(2):105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.53.2.105.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55939","volume":"26","author":"D Gibson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gibson D, Jackson S, Shanmugasundaram R, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of ChatGPT as a patient education tool in prostate cancer: multimetric assessment. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e55939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55939.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947","volume":"9","author":"A Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan A, Musheyev D, Bockelman D, et al. Assessment of artificial intelligence chatbot responses to top searched queries about cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(10):1437\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31470","volume":"134","author":"JR Bellinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bellinger JR, Kwak MW, Ramos GA, et al. Quantitative comparison of chatbots on common rhinology pathologies. Laryngoscope. 2024;134(10):4225\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.31470.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105871","volume":"198","author":"M Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou M, Pan Y, Zhang Y, et al. Evaluating AI-generated patient education materials for spinal surgeries: comparative analysis of readability and DISCERN quality across ChatGPT and DeepSeek models. Int J Med Inform. 2025;198:105871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105871.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"7","key":"2203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2025.101071","volume":"18","author":"I Cherrez-Ojeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cherrez-Ojeda I, Faytong-Haro M, Alvarez-Mu\u00f1oz P, et al. How accurate are ChatGPT-4 responses in chronic urticaria? A critical analysis with information quality metrics. World Allergy Organ J. 2025;18(7):101071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.waojou.2025.101071.","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01948-6","volume":"47","author":"MP Guerreiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guerreiro MP, Henriques HR, Mugellini E, et al. Conversational agents for pharmaceutical use: insights from the eCCo database. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):1114\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-025-01948-6.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"9596","key":"2203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01905-3","volume":"47","author":"WE Bottacin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bottacin WE, de Souza TT, Reis WCT, et al. Guidelines for reporting artificial intelligence studies in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services: MedinAI development, validation and statement. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):945\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-025-01905-3.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01906-2","volume":"47","author":"WE Bottacin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bottacin WE, de Souza TT, Melchiors AC, et al. Explanation and elaboration of MedinAI: guidelines for reporting artificial intelligence studies in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):957\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-025-01906-2.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2203_CR25","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Patient labeling resources for human prescription drugs: medication guides and patient information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/fdas-labeling-resources-human-prescription-drugs\/patient-labeling-resources. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"key":"2203_CR26","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Instructions for use\u2014patient labeling for human prescription drug and biological products: content and format. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/instructions-use-patient-labeling-human-prescription-drug-and-biological-products-content-and-format. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"key":"2203_CR27","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling for human prescription drug and biological products: implementing the Physician Labeling Rule (PLR) content and format requirements. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2013. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/drugs\/published\/Labeling-for-Human-Prescription-Drug-and-Biological-Products---Implementing-the-PLR-Content-and-Format-Requirements.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"key":"2203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72644","DOI":"10.2196\/72644","volume":"27","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu F, Wang C, et al. Prompt engineering in clinical practice: tutorial for clinicians. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e72644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/72644.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50638","volume":"25","author":"B Mesk\u00f3","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mesk\u00f3 B. Prompt engineering as an important emerging skill for medical professionals: tutorial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e50638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/50638.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"2203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13152961","volume":"13","author":"R Patil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patil R, Heston TF, Bhuse V. Prompt engineering in healthcare. Electronics. 2024;13(15):2961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13152961.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"2203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2026.100733","volume":"22","author":"M Mohammed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mohammed M, Khan MA, Chaudhary V, et al. Comparative performance of large language models and Drugs.com versus Lexicomp for antiseizure medication drug-drug interactions: a cross-sectional study with iterative prompting analysis. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2026;22:100733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcsop.2026.100733.","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm."},{"key":"2203_CR32","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the readability of the label and package leaflet of medicinal products for human use. London: European Medicines Agency; 2009. https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2016-11\/2009_01_12_readability_guideline_final_en_0.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"key":"2203_CR33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simply put: a guide for creating easy-to-understand materials. 3rd ed. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/11938. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"key":"2203_CR34","unstructured":"Plain Language Action and Information Network. Federal plain language guidelines. Washington, DC: Plain Language Action and Information Network; 2011. https:\/\/wid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/FederalPLGuidelines.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"2203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031619","volume":"76","author":"JL Fleiss","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fleiss JL. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull. 1971;76(5):378\u201382.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u201363.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16(3):297\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02310555.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"15","key":"2203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042135","volume":"104","author":"CA Stephenson-Moe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stephenson-Moe CA, Behers BJ, Gibons RM, et al. Assessing the quality and readability of patient education materials on chemotherapy cardiotoxicity from artificial intelligence chatbots: an observational cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(15):e42135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000042135.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2203_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06318-y","volume":"184","author":"A Uzun Bekta\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uzun Bekta\u015f A, Bora B, \u00dcnsal E. Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT and LLaMA for reliability, quality, and accuracy in familial Mediterranean fever. Eur J Pediatr. 2025;184(8):491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06318-y.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532","volume":"32","author":"R Flesch","year":"1948","unstructured":"Flesch R. A new readability yardstick. J Appl Psychol. 1948;32(3):221\u201333.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid JP, Fishburne RP Jr, Rogers RL, et al. Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and Flesch reading ease formula) for Navy enlisted personnel. Memphis, TN: Naval Technical Training Command Research Branch; 1975. https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/tr\/pdf\/ADA006655.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr 2026.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"key":"2203_CR43","volume-title":"The technique of clear writing","author":"R Gunning","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gunning R. The technique of clear writing. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1952."},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076540","volume":"60","author":"M Coleman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Coleman M, Liau TL. A computer readability formula designed for machine scoring. J Appl Psychol. 1975;60(2):283\u20134.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2203_CR45","first-page":"639","volume":"12","author":"GH McLaughlin","year":"1969","unstructured":"McLaughlin GH. SMOG grading: a new readability formula. J Read. 1969;12(8):639\u201346.","journal-title":"J Read"},{"key":"2203_CR46","unstructured":"Smith EA, Senter RJ. Automated readability index. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories; 1967."},{"key":"2203_CR47","unstructured":"Caylor JS, Sticht TG, Fox LC, et al. Methodologies for determining reading requirements of military occupational specialties. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization; 1973. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED074343.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr 2026."},{"issue":"6","key":"2203_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03476-5","volume":"39","author":"QA Dihan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dihan QA, Brown AD, Chauhan MZ, et al. Leveraging large language models to improve patient education on dry eye disease. Eye (Lond). 2025;39(6):1115\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-024-03476-5.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2203_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sopen.2025.04.012","volume":"26","author":"D Soroudi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soroudi D, Rouhani DS, Patel A, et al. Dall-E in hand surgery: exploring the utility of ChatGPT image generation. Surg Open Sci. 2025;26:64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sopen.2025.04.012.","journal-title":"Surg Open Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy6020034","volume":"6","author":"EM Hawes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hawes EM. Patient education on oral anticoagulation. Pharmacy (Basel). 2018;6(2):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy6020034.","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"2203_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22454\/PRiMER.2024.916089","volume":"8","author":"M Kattih","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kattih M, Bressler M, Smith LR, et al. Artificial intelligence-prompted explanations of common primary care diagnoses. PRiMER. 2024;8:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22454\/PRiMER.2024.916089.","journal-title":"PRiMER"},{"key":"2203_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.250144","volume":"43","author":"Z Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo Z, Lin C, Kim TH, et al. Quality and readability analysis of artificial intelligence-generated medical information related to prostate cancer: a cross-sectional study of ChatGPT and DeepSeek. World J Mens Health. 2025;43:e70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5534\/wjmh.250144.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"2203_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1618378","volume":"8","author":"I Cherrez-Ojeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cherrez-Ojeda I, Frye BC, Hoheisel A, et al. Evaluation of large language model-generated medical information on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Artif Intell. 2025;8:1618378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1618378.","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01900-8","volume":"47","author":"KT Spagl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spagl KT, Watson EW, Jatowt A, et al. Evaluating a customised large language model (DELSTAR) and its ability to address medication-related questions associated with delirium: a quantitative exploratory study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):1053\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-025-01900-8.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2203_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237437352199884","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373521998847","volume":"8","author":"MK Rooney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rooney MK, Santiago G, Perni S, et al. Readability of patient education materials from high-impact medical journals: a 20-year analysis. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:2374373521998847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2374373521998847.","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2024.12.002","volume":"21","author":"EN Onder","year":"2025","unstructured":"Onder EN, Ensari E, Ertan P. ChatGPT-4o\u2019s performance on pediatric vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol. 2025;21(2):504\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2024.12.002.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"2203_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18847","volume":"13","author":"E Ozduran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozduran E, Hanc\u0131 V, Erkin Y, et al. Assessing the readability, quality and reliability of responses produced by ChatGPT, Gemini, and Perplexity regarding most frequently asked keywords about low back pain. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.18847.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01982-4","volume":"47","author":"K Hoti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoti K, Weidmann AE, Stewart D. Learnings from research on artificial intelligence enabled solutions in clinical pharmacy practice and education. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025;47(4):917\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-025-01982-4.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/15.3.259","volume":"15","author":"D Nutbeam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/15.3.259.","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:37:10Z","timestamp":1786016230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["2203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-026-02203-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-7711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-7711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve patients, clinical data, or identifiable personal information and was therefore exempt from formal ethics review in accordance with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants (2017) and the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all expert evaluators prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all expert evaluators.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}