{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:44:32Z","timestamp":1791096272175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]],"date-time":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]],"date-time":"2006-10-31T14:46:53Z","timestamp":1162306013000},"page":"279-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Cushing\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"De Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Pecori","family":"Giraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cavagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02486.x","volume":"40","author":"J Etxabe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Etxabe J, Vazquez JA (1994) Morbidity and mortality in Cushing\u2019s disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol 40:479\u2013484","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(96)00089-6","volume":"7","author":"MO Savage","year":"1996","unstructured":"Savage MO, Besser GM (1996) Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood. Trends Endocrinol Metab 7:213\u2013216","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-8-4-391","volume":"8","author":"ML Brandi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brandi ML, Marx SJ, Aurbach GD, Fitzpatrick LA (1987) Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: a new look at pathophysiology. Endocr Rev 8:391\u2013405","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14904-5","volume":"362","author":"MS Lionakis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP (2003) Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet 362:1828\u20131838","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(52)90027-2","volume":"13","author":"CM Plotz","year":"1952","unstructured":"Plotz CM, Knowlton AI, Ragan C (1952) The natural history of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Am J Med 13:597\u2013614","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400403","volume":"34","author":"LA Perry","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perry LA, Grossman AB (1997) The role of the laboratory in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 34:345\u2013359","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"407_CR7","first-page":"175","volume":"42","author":"CW Burke","year":"1973","unstructured":"Burke CW, Beardwell CG (1973) Cushing\u2019s syndrome. An evaluation of the clinical usefulness of urinary free cortisol and other urinary steroid measurements in diagnosis. Q J Med 42:175\u2013204","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80496-2","volume":"118","author":"MT Gomez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gomez MT, Malozowski S, Winterer J, Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP (1991) Urinary free cortisol values in normal children and adolescents. J Pediatr 118:256\u2013258","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"407_CR9","first-page":"1163","volume":"83","author":"DA Papanicolaou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Papanicolaou DA, Yanovski JA, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK (1998) A single midnight serum cortisol measurement distinguishes Cushing\u2019s syndrome from pseudo-Cushing states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1163\u20131167","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343551","volume":"22","author":"R Gorges","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gorges R, Knappe G, Gerl H, Ventz M, Stahl F (1999) Diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group. J Endocrinol Invest 22:241\u2013249","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02918.x","volume":"43","author":"J Newell-Price","year":"1995","unstructured":"Newell-Price J, Trainer PJ, Perry L, Wass JAH, Grossman AB, Besser GM (1995) A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 43:545\u2013550","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030312","volume":"88","author":"P Putignano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Putignano P, Toja P, Dubini A, Pecori Giraldi F, Corsello SM, Cavagnini F (2003) Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight cortisol as screening tests for Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4153\u20134157","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)37013-4","volume":"37","author":"KL Jones","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones KL (1990) The Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 37:1313\u20131332","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343985","volume":"25","author":"MA Magiakou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP (2002) Cushing\u2019s syndrome in children and adolescents: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. J Endocrinol Invest 25:181\u2013194","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.56.5.797","volume":"56","author":"DH Streeten","year":"1975","unstructured":"Streeten DH, Faas FH, Elders MJ, Dalakos TG, Voorhess M (1975) Hypercortisolism in childhood: shortcomings of conventional diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics 56:797\u2013803","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"407_CR16","unstructured":"Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, De Martin M, Cavagnini F (1999) the Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypotalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:440\u2013448"},{"key":"407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030207","volume":"89","author":"JW Findling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Findling JW, Raff H, Aron DC (2004) The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a reevaluation in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1222\u20131226","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400302","volume":"34","author":"PJ Wood","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wood PJ, Barth JH, Freedman DB, Perry L, Sheridan B (1997) Evidence for the low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing\u2019s syndrome\u2014recommendations for a protocol for biochemistry laboratories. Ann Clin Biochem 34:222\u2013229","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500170062035","volume":"269","author":"JA Yanovski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yanovski JA, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. JAMA 269:2232\u20132238","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00830.x","volume":"51","author":"S Tsagarakis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsagarakis S, Vasiliou V, Kokkoris P, Stavropoulos G, Thalassinos N (1999) Assessment of cortisol and ACTH responses to the desmopressin test in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome and simple obesity. Clin Endocrinol 51:473\u2013477","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR21","first-page":"3596","volume":"85","author":"M Moro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moro M, Putignano P, Losa M, Invitti C, Maraschini C, Cavagnini F (2000) The desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis between Cushing\u2019s disease and pseudoCushing states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3596\u20133574","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-76-3-112-6-434","volume":"112","author":"TB Kaye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaye TB, Crapo L (1990) The Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med 112:434\u2013444","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"407_CR23","first-page":"1308","volume":"77","author":"LK Nieman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr (1993) A simplified morning ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1308\u20131312","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30272-X","volume":"20","author":"DL Loriaux","year":"1991","unstructured":"Loriaux DL, Nieman L (1991) Corticotropin-releasing hormone testing in pituitary disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 20:363\u2013369","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030510","volume":"88","author":"AM Isidori","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Mohammed S, Morris DG, Jenkins P, Chew SL, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB (2003) Discriminatory value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5299\u20135306","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR26","first-page":"1780","volume":"82","author":"DC Aron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW (1997) Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1780\u20131785","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.78.2.8106630","volume":"78","author":"HL Dichek","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dichek HL, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Pass HI, Malley JD, Cutler Jr GB (1994) A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppression test and the overnight 8-mg dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:418\u2013422","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01776.x","volume":"58","author":"G Reimondo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reimondo G, Paccotti P, Minetto M, Termine A, Stura G, Bergui M, Angeli A, Terzolo M (2003) The corticotropin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 58:718\u2013724","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR29","first-page":"487","volume":"84","author":"GA Kaltsas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JD, Dacie JE, Thakkar C, Afshar F, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ (1999) A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing\u2019s disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:487\u2013492","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colao A, Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Pecori Giraldi F, Cavagnini F, Lombardi G; Study Group of the Italian Endocrinology Society on the pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (2001) Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Eur J Endocrinol 144:499\u2013507","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440499"},{"key":"407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032249","volume":"89","author":"B Swearingen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swearingen B, Katznelson L, Miller K, Grinspoon S, Waltman A, Dorer DJ, Klibanski A, Biller BM (2004) Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3752\u20133763","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343731","volume":"23","author":"F Pecori Giraldi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pecori Giraldi F, Invitti C, Cavagnini F (2000) Inferior petrosal sinus sampling ten years down the road. J Endocrinol Invest 23:325\u2013327","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032014","volume":"89","author":"I Ilias","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ilias I, Chang R, Pacak K, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, Doppman J, Nieman LK (2004) Jugular venous sampling: an alternative to petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnostic evaluation of adrenocorticotropin hormone-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3795\u20133800","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02115.x","volume":"61","author":"C Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu C, Lo JC, Dowd CF, Wilson CB, Kunwar S, Aron DC, Tyrrell JB (2004) Cavernous and inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the evaluation of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 61:478\u2013486","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02168.x","volume":"61","author":"T Mancini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mancini T, Kola B, Mantero F, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G (2004) High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome according to 1999 WHO\/ISH guidelines. Clin Endocrinol 61:768\u2013777","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.07.009","volume":"149","author":"GR Dagenais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dagenais GR, Yi Q, Mann JF, Bosch J, Pogue J, Yusuf S (2005) Prognostic impact of body weight and abdominal obesity in women and men with cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 149:54\u201360","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021558","volume":"88","author":"A Faggiano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, De Martino MC, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Lombardi G, Colao A (2003) Cardiovascular risk factors and common carotid artery caliber and stiffness in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease during active disease and 1 year after disease remission. J Clin Endcorinol Metab 88:2527\u20132533","journal-title":"J Clin Endcorinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00045415-200107000-00005","volume":"9","author":"KJ Melanson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Melanson KJ, McInnis KJ, Rippe JM, Blackburn G, Wilson PF (2001) Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: research update. Cardiol Rev 9:202\u2013207","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.43.645","volume":"43","author":"TC Friedman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Friedman TC, Mastorakos G, Newman TD, Muller NM, Horton EG, Costello R, Papadopoulos NM, Chrousos GP (1996) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in endogenous hypercortisolism: shared features with metabolic syndrome X and NIDDM. Endocr J 43:645\u2013655","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/nm784","volume":"8","author":"AP Heaney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heaney AP, Fernando M, Yong WH, Melmed S (2002) Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nat Med 8:1281\u20131287","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343697","volume":"23","author":"LM Fatti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fatti LM, Bottasso B, Invitti C, Coppola R, Cavagnini F, Mannucci PM (2000) Markers of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 23:145\u2013150","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb00025.x","volume":"19","author":"M Small","year":"1983","unstructured":"Small M, Lowe GD, Forbes CD, Thomson JA (1983) Thromboembolic complications in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 19:503\u2013511","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR43","first-page":"3662","volume":"87","author":"M Boscaro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boscaro M, Sonino N, Scarda A, Barzon L, Fallo F, Sartori MT, Patrassi GM, Girolami A (2002) Anticoagulant prophylaxis markedly reduces thromboembolic complications in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3662\u20133666","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR44","first-page":"1905","volume":"81","author":"GM Leong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leong GM, Mercado-Asis LB, Reynolds JC, Hill SC, Oldfield EH, Chrousos GP (1996) The effect of Cushing\u2019s disease on bone mineral density, body composition, growth, and puberty: a report of an identical adolescent twin pair. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1905\u20131911","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015362822901","volume":"4","author":"A Faggiano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Orio F Jr, Lombardi G, Colao A (2001) Spine abnormalities and damage in patients cured from Cushing\u2019s disease. Pituitary 4:153\u2013161","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"407_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021494","volume":"88","author":"A Faggiano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Melis D, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Peretta M, Lombardi G, Colao A (2003) Nephrolitiasis in Cushing\u2019s disease: prevalence, etiopathogenesis, and modification after disease cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2076\u20132080","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.01.003","volume":"88","author":"D Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen D, Adachi JD (2004) The treatment of glucorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88:337\u2013349","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"407_CR48","unstructured":"Orth DN, Kovacs WJ, DeBold CR (1992) The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW (eds), Williams textbook of endocrinology. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, pp. 489\u2013619"},{"key":"407_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115050-00003","volume":"15","author":"N Sonino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sonino N, Fava GA (2001) Psychiatric disorders associated with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. CNS Drugs 15:361\u2013373","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"407_CR50","first-page":"717","volume":"19","author":"A Giustina","year":"1998","unstructured":"Giustina A, Veldhuis JD (1998) Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Rev 19:717\u2013797","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"407_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02044.x","volume":"43","author":"C Invitti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Invitti C, Manfrini R, Romanini BM, Cavagnini F (1995) High prevalence of nodular thyroid disease in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin Endocrinol 43:359\u2013363","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR52","first-page":"1","volume":"83","author":"F Pecori Giraldi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pecori Giraldi F (2004) Sindrome di Cushing e manifestazioni oculari. Boll Ocul 83:1\u20134","journal-title":"Boll Ocul"},{"key":"407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032180","volume":"89","author":"GD Hammer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Applebury CB, Hannegan ET, Bell S, Rahl R, Lu A, Wilson CB (2004) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing\u2019s disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6348\u20136357","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012909500847","volume":"54","author":"DK L\u00fcdecke","year":"2001","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke DK, Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Saeger W (2001) Cushing\u2019s disease: a surgical review. J Neurooncol 54:151\u2013166","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"407_CR55","first-page":"3114","volume":"80","author":"D Bochicchio","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M (1995) Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing\u2019s disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing\u2019s Disease Survey Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3114\u20133120","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00975.x","volume":"38","author":"PJ Trainer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Trainer PJ, Lawrie HS, Verhelst J, Howlett TA, Lowe DG, Grossman AB, Savage MO, Afshar F, Besser GM (1993) Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing\u2019s disease: undetectable serum cortisol as the definition of successful treatment. Clin Endocrinol 38:73\u201378","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.1.0037","volume":"80","author":"Z Ram","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH (1994) Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg 80:37\u201345","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"407_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-002-0826-x","volume":"178","author":"G Becker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Becker G, Kocher M, Kortmann RD, Paulsen F, Jeremic B, Muller RP, Bamberg M (2002) Radiation therapy in the multimodal treatment approach of pituitary adenoma. Strahlenther Onkol 178:173\u2013186","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"407_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1152","volume":"90","author":"G Minniti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Minniti G, Traish D, Ashler S, Gonsalves A, Brada M (2005) Risk of second brain tumor after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: update after additional 10 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:800\u2013804","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023365200437","volume":"5","author":"AS Mahmoud-Ashmed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahmoud-Ashmed AS, Suh JH (2002) Radiation therapy for Cushing\u2019s disease: a review. Pituitary 5:175\u2013180","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"407_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01078.x","volume":"22","author":"GF Sharpe","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sharpe GF, Kendall-Taylor P, Prescott RW, Ross WM, Davison C, Watson MJ, Cook DB (1985) Pituitary function following megavoltage therapy for Cushing\u2019s disease: long term follow up. Clin Endocrinol 22:169\u2013177","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701163360303","volume":"336","author":"J Estrada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallon R, Millan I, Diez S, Lucas T, Barcelo B (1997) The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 336:172\u2013177","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"407_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197711032971801","volume":"297","author":"AS Jennings","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jennings AS, Liddle GW, Orth DN (1977) Results of treating childhood Cushing\u2019s disease with pituitary irradiation. N Engl J Med 297:957\u2013962","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"407_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.5.0738","volume":"93","author":"JM Sheehan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sheehan JM, Vance ML, Sheehan JP, Ellegala DB, Laws ER Jr (2000) Radiosurgery for Cushing\u2019s disease after failed trassphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg 93:738\u2013742","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"407_CR65","first-page":"284","volume":"49","author":"C Hoybye","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoybye C, Grenback E, Rahn T, Degerblad M, Thoren M, Hulting AL (2001) Adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary tumours: 12- to 22-year follow-up after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 49:284\u2013291","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"407_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00256-9","volume":"42","author":"M Mitsumori","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitsumori M, Shrieve DC, Alexander E 3rd, Kaiser UB, Richardson GE, Black PM, Loeffler JS (1998) Initial clinical results of LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42:573\u2013580","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"407_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"GM Molinatti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Molinatti GM, Limone P, Porta M (1995) Treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease by interstitial pituitary irradiation: short- and long-term follow-up. Panminerva Med 37:1\u20137","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"407_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-3-441","volume":"65","author":"LM Sandler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sandler LM, Richards NT, Carr DH, Mashiter K, Joplin GF (1987) Long term follow-up of patients with Cushing\u2019s disease treated by interstitial irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:441\u2013447","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR69","unstructured":"Cavagnini F, Pecori Giraldi F (2006) In: DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL (eds), Adrenal causes of hypercortisolism. Endocrinology. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2353\u20132386"},{"key":"407_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900119","volume":"20","author":"T Imai","year":"1996","unstructured":"Imai T, Funahashi H, Tanaka Y, Tobinaga J, Wada M, Morita-Matsuyama T, Ohiso Y, Takagi H (1996) Adrenalectomy for treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: results in 122 patients and long-term follow-up studies. World J Surg 20:781\u2013786","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"407_CR71","first-page":"16","volume":"97","author":"RB Welbourn","year":"1985","unstructured":"Welbourn RB (1985) Survival and causes of death after adrenalectomy for Cushing\u2019s disease. Surgery 97:16\u201320","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"407_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022308429992","volume":"5","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nieman LK (2002) Medical therapy of Cushing\u2019s disease. Pituitary 5:77\u201382","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"407_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04418.x","volume":"970","author":"D Morris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morris D, Grossman A (2002) The medical management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 970:119\u2013133","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"407_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70064-5","volume":"28","author":"N Sonino","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sonino N, Boscaro M (1999) Medical therapy for Cushing\u2019s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28:211\u2013222","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"407_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-5-1426","volume":"70","author":"HM Schulte","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schulte HM, Benker G, Reinwein D, Sippell WG, Allolio B (1990) Infusion of low dose etomidate: correction of hypercortisolemia in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome and dose-response relationship in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1426\u20131430","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR76","first-page":"951","volume":"354","author":"S Kawai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kawai S, Ichikawa Y, Kaburaki J, Yoshida T (1999) 18 years mitotane therapy for intractable Cushing\u2019s disease. Lancet 354:951","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"407_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-5-613","volume":"92","author":"DE Schteingart","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schteingart DE, Tsao HS, Taylor CI, McKenzie A, Victoria R, Therrien BA (1980) Sustained remission of Cushing\u2019s disease with mitotane and pituitary irradiation. Ann Intern Med 92:613\u2013619","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"407_CR78","first-page":"3568","volume":"86","author":"JW Chu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chu JW, Matthias DF, Belanoff J, Schatzberg A, Hoffman AR, Feldman D (2001) Successful long-term treatment of refractory Cushing\u2019s disease with high-dose mifepristone (RU486). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3568\u20133573","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020299","volume":"87","author":"PA Kelly","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kelly PA, Samandouras G, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Besser GM, Jenkins PJ (2002) Neurosurgical treatment of Nelson\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5465\u20135469","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-5-985","volume":"56","author":"A Dornhorst","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dornhorst A, Jenkins JS, Lamberts SW, Abraham RR, Wynn V, Bechford U, Gillham B, Jones MT (1983) The evaluation of sodium valproate in the treatment of Nelson\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:985\u2013991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343660","volume":"22","author":"R Pivonello","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Di Salle F, Filippella M, Lombardi G, Colao A (1999) Complete remission of Nelson\u2019s syndrome after 1-year treatment with cabergoline. J Endocrinol Invest 22:860\u2013865","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"407_CR82","first-page":"300","volume":"62","author":"LA Casulari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Casulari LA, Naves LA, Mello PA, Pereira Neto A, Papadia C (2004) Nelson\u2019s syndrome: complete remission with cabergoline but not with bromocriptine or cyproheptadine treatment. Horm Res 62:300\u2013305","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"407_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrini L. Gasperi M, Pilosu R, Marcello A, Martino E (1994) Long-term treatment of Nelson\u2019s syndrome by octreotide: a case report. J Endocrinol Invest 17:135\u2013139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347703"},{"key":"407_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.614436.x","volume":"44","author":"DR McCance","year":"1996","unstructured":"McCance DR, Besser M, Atkinson AB (1996) Assessment of cure after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin Endocrinol 44:1\u20136","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430227","volume":"143","author":"P Colombo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Colombo P, Dall\u2019Asta C, Barbetta L, Re T, Passini E, Faglia G, Ambrosi B (2000) Usefulness of the desmopressin test in the postoperative evaluation of patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 143:227\u2013234","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430761","volume":"143","author":"S Vallette-Kasic","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vallette-Kasic S, Dufour H, Mugnier M, Trouillas J, Valdes-Socin H, Caron P, Morange S, Girard N, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Brue T (2000) Markers of tumor invasion are major predictive factors for the long-term outcome of corticotroph microadenomas treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 143:761\u2013768","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02244.x","volume":"62","author":"JH Davies","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davies JH, Storr HL, Davies K, Monson JP, Besser GM, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Grossman AB, Savage MO (2005) Final adult height and body mass index after cure of paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin Endocrinol 62:466\u2013472","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01187.x","volume":"54","author":"SA Kemink","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kemink SA, Grotenhuis JA, De Vries J, Pieters GF, Hermus AR, Smals AG (2001) Management of Nelson\u2019s syndrome: observations in fifteen patients. Clin Endocrinol 54:45\u201352","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"407_CR89","first-page":"2664","volume":"84","author":"A Colao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M, Lombardi G (1999) Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2664\u20132672","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"407_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01437.x","volume":"36","author":"PJ Manning","year":"1992","unstructured":"Manning PJ, Evans MC, Reid IR (1992) Normal bone density following cure of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 36:229\u2013234","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Pituitary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1683647252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-006-0407-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-341X","1573-7403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,30]]}}}