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Given the pro-mitogenic and anti-apoptotic properties of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I, the safety of GH replacement in this population has raised hypothetical safety concerns that have been debated for decades. Data from multicenter studies with extended follow-up have generally not found significant associations between GH replacement and cancer recurrence or mortality from cancer among childhood cancer survivors. Potential associations with secondary neoplasms, especially solid tumors, have been reported, although this risk appears to decline with longer follow-up. Data from survivors of pediatric or adult cancers who are treated with GH during adulthood are scarce, and the risk versus benefit profile of GH replacement of this population remains unclear. Studies pertaining to the safety of GH replacement in individuals treated for nonmalignant brain tumors, including craniopharyngioma and non-functioning pituitary adenoma, have generally been reassuring with regards to the risk of tumor recurrence. The present review offers a summary of the most current medical literature regarding GH treatment of patients who have survived cancer and brain tumors, with the emphasis on areas where active research is required and where consensus on clinical practice is lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01173-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T12:02:21Z","timestamp":1627214541000},"page":"810-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH deficient children and adults treated for cancer and non-malignant intracranial tumors\u2014a review of research and clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret C. 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CLB has served as consultant for Pfizer. GJ has served as consultant for Shire and Astra Zeneca, and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck Serono, Otsuka, and Pfizer. KCJY is an investigator on research grants from Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, and OPKO Biologics, and has consulted for Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Sandoz, and Ascendis. AACD, WC and CEH have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}