{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T14:34:29Z","timestamp":1782225269860,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pituitary metastases (PM) are uncommon findings and are mainly derived from breast and lung cancers. No extensive review of PM from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is on record. Here we describe a clinical case of PM from pancreatic NEN and review the clinical features of PM from NENs reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A case of PM from a pancreatic NEN followed at our institution is described. We also reviewed the 43 cases of PM from NENs reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 59-year old female patient, previously submitted to duodeno-cephalo-pancreasectomy for a well-differentiated pancreatic NEN, with known hepatic metastases, underwent a <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\u00a0Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT that revealed an uptake in the pituitary gland. A subsequent MRI displayed a pituitary lesion, with suprasellar extension. After a hormonal and genetic diagnostic workup that excluded the diagnosis of MEN 1, the worsening of headache and visual impairment and the growth of the lesion lead to its surgical removal. A pituitary localization of the pancreatic NEN was identified. Regarding the published cases of PM from NENs, the most common tumour type was small cell lung cancer (SCLC), accounting for nearly half of the cases, followed by bronchial and pancreatic well differentiated NENs. The most frequent symptom was a variable degree of visual impairment, while headache was reported in half of the cases. Partial or total anterior hypopituitarism was present in approximately three quarters of the cases, while diabetes insipidus was less common. The most frequent treatment for PM was surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The clinical outcome was in line with previous reports of PM from solid tumours, with a median survival of 14\u00a0months. Surgery of PM was associated with prolonged survival.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PM from NENs have clinical features similar to metastases derived from other solid tumours, albeit the involvement of the anterior pituitary seems more frequent; a thorough pituitary hormonal evaluation is mandatory, after focused radiological studies, particularly if a surgical approach is considered. The optimal management of PM remains disputed and seems mainly driven by the aggressiveness of the primary tumour and the presence of symptoms. In well-differentiated NENs, particularly in the case of symptomatic PM, surgical removal may be a reasonable approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1627988571000},"page":"828-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pituitary metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms: case report and narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ragni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Nervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Papotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Prencipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Retta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cacciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Uccella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cassoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Piovesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Arvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0552-2","volume":"18","author":"W He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He W, Chen F, Dalm B et al (2015) Metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland: a systematic review with pooled individual patient data analysis. Pituitary 18:159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-014-0552-2","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.139","volume":"106","author":"CR Goulart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goulart CR, Upadhyay S, Ditzel Filho LFS et al (2017) Newly diagnosed sellar tumors in patients with cancer: a diagnostic challenge and management dilemma. World Neurosurg 106:254\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.139","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1178_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0542-9","volume":"17","author":"R Al-Aridi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Aridi R, El Sibai K, Fu P et al (2014) Clinical and biochemical characteristic features of metastatic cancer to the sella turcica: an analytical review. Pituitary 17:575\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-013-0542-9","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000139","volume":"59","author":"PF de Siqueira","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Siqueira PF, Mathez ALG, Pedretti DB, Abucham J (2015) Pituitary metastasis of lung neuroendocrine carcinoma: case report and literature review. Arch Endocrinol Metab 59:548\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2359-3997000000139","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0038-6","volume":"11","author":"U Goglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goglia U, Ferone D, Sidoti M et al (2008) Treatment of a pituitary metastasis from a neuroendocrine tumour: case report and literature review. Pituitary 11:93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-007-0038-6","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0388-6","volume":"15","author":"O Moshkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moshkin O, Rotondo F, Scheithauer BW et al (2012) Bronchial carcinoid tumors metastatic to the sella turcica and review of the literature. Pituitary 15:160\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-012-0388-6","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-013-1465-6","volume":"463","author":"H Gucer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gucer H, Szentgyorgyi E, Ezzat S et al (2013) Inhibin-expressing clear cell neuroendocrine tumor of the ampulla: an unusual presentation of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Virchows Arch 463:593\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-013-1465-6","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"1178_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.01.049","volume":"89","author":"V Pennacchietti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pennacchietti V, Garzaro M, Grottoli S et al (2016) Three-dimensional endoscopic endonasal approach and outcomes in sellar lesions: a single-center experience of 104 cases. World Neurosurg 89:121\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.01.049","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1178_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.795","volume":"33","author":"H Suganuma","year":"1994","unstructured":"Suganuma H, Yoshimi T, Kita T et al (1994) Rare case with metastatic involvement of hypothalamo-pituitary and pineal body presenting as hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. Intern Med 33:795\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.795","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"1178_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72785-0","volume":"119","author":"TM Aaberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aaberg TM, Kay M, Sternau L (1995) Metastatic tumors to the pituitary. Am J Ophthalmol 119:779\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72785-0","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1178_CR11","first-page":"971","volume":"16","author":"Y Koshimoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Koshimoto Y, Maeda M, Naiki H et al (1995) MR of pituitary metastasis in a patient with diabetes insipidus. Am J Neuroradiol 16:971\u2013974","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1178_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-3019(97)00002-5","volume":"48","author":"T Abe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Abe T, Matsumoto K, Iida M et al (1997) Malignant carcinoid tumor of the anterior mediastinum metastasis to a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma: a case report. Surg Neurol 48:389\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0090-3019(97)00002-5","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1178_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.4.0719","volume":"83","author":"S Genka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Genka S, Soeda H, Takahashi M et al (1995) Acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, and visual loss caused by metastatic growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing malignant pancreatic endocrine tumor in the pituitary gland: Case report. J Neurosurg 83:719\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1995.83.4.0719","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1178_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.50.5.440","volume":"50","author":"DJ Hopster","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hopster DJ, Robinson SF, Chadwick L, Geddes JF (1997) Widespread neuroendocrine malignancy within the central nervous system: a diagnostic conundrum. J Clin Pathol 50:440\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.50.5.440","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1178_CR15","first-page":"414","volume":"64","author":"MC Huang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang MC, Lee LS, Ho DMT et al (2001) A metastatic pituitary carcinoid tumor successfully treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. Chinese Med J 64:414\u2013418","journal-title":"Chinese Med J"},{"key":"1178_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02719595","volume":"51","author":"N Isowa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isowa N, Nakamura T, Yamazaki F et al (2003) Thymic atypical carcinoid with cushing\u2019s syndrome manifesting in the terminal stage. Japanese J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 51:427\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02719595","journal-title":"Japanese J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"1178_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PITU.0000044627.63261.b4","volume":"7","author":"I Shimon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shimon I, Hadani M, Nass D, Zwas ST (2004) Malignant bronchial carcinoid tumor metastatic to the pituitary in a thyroid carcinoma patient: Successful treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and somatostatin analog. Pituitary 7:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:PITU.0000044627.63261.b4","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR18","first-page":"365","volume":"52","author":"C Weilbaecher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weilbaecher C, Patwardhan RV, Fowler M et al (2004) Metastatic lesions involving the sella: report of three cases and review of the literature. Neurol India 52:365\u2013368","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1178_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4266(05)81708-1","volume":"66","author":"L Harzallah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harzallah L, Migaw H, Harzallah F, Kraiem C (2005) Diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism revealing pituitary metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma: A case report. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 66:117\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-4266(05)81708-1","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"1178_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.13.3.291","volume":"13","author":"CG Jonnakuty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jonnakuty CG, Mezitis SGE (2007) Pulmonary atypical carcinoid tumor with metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland causing functional hypopituitarism. Endocr Pract 13:291\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP.13.3.291","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"1178_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0610","volume":"91","author":"C Nasr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nasr C, Mason A, Mayberg M et al (2006) Acromegaly and somatotroph hyperplasia with adenomatous transformation due to pituitary metastasis of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-secreting pulmonary endocrine carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4776\u20134780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-0610","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1159\/000325816","volume":"51","author":"H Takei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takei H, Buckleair L, Goodman JC, Powell SZ (2007) Intraoperative cytologic diagnosis of symptomatic carcinoma (Pulmonary small cell carcinoma) metastatic to the pituitary gland: a case report. Acta Cytol 51:637\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000325816","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"1178_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0053-7","volume":"11","author":"C Gur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gur C, Lalazar G, Salmon A et al (2008) Metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor presenting as a pituitary space occupying lesion: a case report. Pituitary 11:293\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-007-0053-7","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-008-9586-5","volume":"89","author":"HS Bhatoe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhatoe HS, Badwal S, Dutta V, Kannan N (2008) Pituitary metastasis from medullary carcinoma of thyroid: case report and review of literature. J Neurooncol 89:63\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-008-9586-5","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1178_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20911","volume":"31","author":"L Santarpia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santarpia L, Gagel RF, Sherman SI et al (2009) Diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism due to intrasellar metastasis from medullary thyroid cancer. Head Neck 31:419\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.20911","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"1178_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0025-z","volume":"97","author":"A Feletti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feletti A, Marton E, Rossi S et al (2010) Pituitary metastasis of merkel cell carcinoma. J Neurooncol 97:295\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-009-0025-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1178_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.09.044","volume":"17","author":"ST Luu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luu ST, Billing K, Crompton JL et al (2010) Clinicopathological correlation in pituitary gland metastasis presenting as anterior visual pathway compression. J Clin Neurosci 17:790\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.09.044","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1178_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.05.006","volume":"18","author":"J Fridley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fridley J, Adams G, Rao V et al (2011) Small cell lung cancer metastasis in the pituitary gland presenting with seizures and headache. J Clin Neurosci 18:420\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.05.006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1178_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00165159","volume":"2","author":"V Chandra","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chandra V, Mcdonald LW, Anderson RJ (1984) Metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung presenting as pituitary apoplexy and Cushing \u2019 ssyndrome. J Neuro-oncol 2(1):59\u201366","journal-title":"J Neuro-oncol"},{"key":"1178_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.02.017","volume":"77","author":"F Nassiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nassiri F, Cusimano M, Rotondo F et al (2012) Neuroendocrine tumor of unknown origin metastasizing to a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. World Neurosurg 77:201.e9-201.e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.02.017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1178_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-012-9200-4","volume":"23","author":"A Conway","year":"2012","unstructured":"Conway A, Wiernik A, Rawal A et al (2012) Occult primary medullary thyroid carcinoma presenting with pituitary and parotid metastases: Case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 23:115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-012-9200-4","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"1178_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/2012.10.12","volume":"2012","author":"D Campbell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campbell D, Amponsah N, Mott R, Ellis T (2012) Carcinoid tumor of the lung metastatic to a previously identified pituitary adenoma. J Surg Case Reports 2012:12\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/2012.10.12","journal-title":"J Surg Case Reports"},{"key":"1178_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/853568","author":"N Mathioudakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mathioudakis N, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Salvatori R, Basaria S (2012) A lifelong smoker with hypopituitarism: rethinking the hypothesis of a tumor in the hypophysis. Case Rep Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/853568","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"1178_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328360dfd1","volume":"45","author":"R Senetta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Senetta R, Castellano I, Garbossa D et al (2013) Pituitary metastasis of an unknown neuroendocrine breast carcinoma mimicking a pituitary adenoma. Pathology 45:422\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328360dfd1","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"1178_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.12.010","volume":"38","author":"J Sogani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sogani J, Yang W, Lavi E et al (2014) Sellar collision tumor involving metastatic lung cancer and pituitary adenoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation and review of the literature. Clin Imaging 38:318\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.12.010","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"1178_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5414\/NP300918","volume":"35","author":"EW Little","year":"2016","unstructured":"Little EW, Kazmi KS, Queenan JV, Katsetos CD (2016) Synchronous bifocal metastatic involvement of pituitary and pineal glands unmasking small cell lung cancer. Clin Neuropathol 35:93\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/NP300918","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"1178_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-018-0899-x","volume":"21","author":"M Castle-Kirszbaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castle-Kirszbaum M, Goldschlager T, Ho B et al (2018) Twelve cases of pituitary metastasis: a case series and review of the literature. Pituitary 21:463\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-018-0899-x","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1178_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0338","volume":"7","author":"A Javanbakht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Javanbakht A, D\u2019Apuzzo M, Badie B, Salehian B (2018) Pituitary metastasis: A rare condition. Endocr Connect 7:1049\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-18-0338","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"1178_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4483","volume":"129","author":"M Ka\u0142u\u017cny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny M, Zieli\u0144ski G, Maksymowicz M, Bolanowski M (2019) Hypopituitarism secondary to pituitary metastasis from small cell lung cancer. Polish Arch Intern Med 129:419\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.4483","journal-title":"Polish Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1178_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/030089168807400118","volume":"74","author":"ML Rossi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rossi ML, Bevan JS, Fleming KA, Cruz-Sanchez F (1988) Pituitary metastasis from malignant bronchial carcinoid. Tumori 74:101\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030089168807400118","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"1178_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7226","author":"H Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu H, Sengupta A, Bowes D (2020) Pituitary metastasis of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.7226","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1178_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.28.1123","volume":"28","author":"A Kimura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kimura A, Kuroiwa A, Teramoto A et al (1988) Metastatic pituitary tumor presenting as bitemporal visual field defects. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 28:1123\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.28.1123","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"1178_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1210783","volume":"92","author":"JA Ramsay","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ramsay JA, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW et al (1988) Metastatic carcinoma to pituitary adenomas: a report of two cases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 92:69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1210783","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"325\u20137","key":"1178_CR44","first-page":"330","volume":"81","author":"EM Allen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Allen EM, Kannan SR, Powell A (1989) Infundibular metastasis and panhypopituitarism. J Natl Med Assoc 81(325\u20137):330","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"1178_CR45","first-page":"377","volume":"77","author":"P Paulus","year":"1990","unstructured":"Paulus P, Paridaens R, Mockel J et al (1990) Argyrophilic breast carcinoma, single metastasis to the pituitary gland. Bull Cancer 77:377\u2013384","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"key":"1178_CR46","first-page":"235","volume":"31","author":"M Tabata","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tabata M, Ohnoshi T, Ueoka H et al (1993) A case of small cell lung cancer associated with diabetes insipidus and Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 31:235\u2013239","journal-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"1178_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346322","volume":"30","author":"O Moreno-Perez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moreno-Perez O, Peir\u00f3 FM, L\u00f3pez P et al (2007) An isolated pituitary metastasis as presentation of a differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma mimicking a nonfunctioning macroadenoma. J Endocrinol Invest 30:428\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03346322","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1178_CR48","first-page":"131","volume":"114","author":"SM de la Monte","year":"1984","unstructured":"de la Monte SM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW (1984) Endocrine organ metastases from breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 114:131\u2013136","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1178_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3149","volume":"9","author":"N Fortunati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fortunati N, Felicetti F, Donadio M et al (2015) Pituitary lesions in breast cancer patients: a report of three cases. Oncol Lett 9:2762\u20132766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ol.2015.3149","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"1178_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-19-0263","volume":"27","author":"A Angelousi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angelousi A, Alexandraki KI, Kyriakopoulos G et al (2020) Neoplastic metastases to the endocrine glands. Endocr Relat Cancer 27:R1\u2013R20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-19-0263","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"1178_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60165-7","volume":"378","author":"JP van Meerbeeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Meerbeeck JP, Fennell DA, De Ruysscher DKM (2011) Small-cell lung cancer. Lancet (London, England) 378:1741\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60165-7","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"1178_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00012","volume":"104","author":"F Schill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schill F, Nilsson M, Olsson DS et al (2019) Pituitary metastases: a nationwide study on current characteristics with special reference to breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:3379\u20133388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-00012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-200201000-00010","volume":"12","author":"HM Heshmati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heshmati HM, Scheithauer BW, Young WF (2002) Metastases to the pituitary gland. Endocrinologist 12:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00019616-200201000-00010","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"1178_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030395","volume":"89","author":"J Komninos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Komninos J, Vlassopoulou V, Protopapa D et al (2004) Tumors metastatic to the pituitary gland: case report and literature review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:574\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-030395","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000933","volume":"46","author":"S Richards-Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richards-Taylor S, Tilley C, Jaynes E et al (2017) Clinically significant differences in Ki-67 proliferation index between primary and metastases in resected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas 46:1354\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000933","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"81\u2013117","key":"1178_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8529(05)70058-x","volume":"28","author":"PU Freda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Freda PU, Post KD (1999) Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28(81\u2013117):vi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-8529(05)70058-x","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"1178_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0168","volume":"96","author":"P Famini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Famini P, Maya MM, Melmed S (2011) Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging for sellar and parasellar masses: ten-year experience in 2598 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1633\u20131641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-0168","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1178_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1967-y","volume":"126","author":"V Gilard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilard V, Alexandru C, Proust F et al (2016) Pituitary metastasis: Is there still a place for neurosurgical treatment? J Neurooncol 126:219\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-015-1967-y","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1178_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991105","volume":"18","author":"I Feiz-Erfan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Feiz-Erfan I, Rao G, White WL, McCutcheon IE (2008) Efficacy of trans-septal trans-sphenoidal surgey in correcting visual symptoms caused by Hematogenous metastases to the sella and pituitary gland. Skull Base 18:77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-991105","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"key":"1178_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0520","volume":"25","author":"KR Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel KR, Zheng J, Tabar V et al (2020) Extended survival after surgical resection for pituitary metastases: clinical features, management, and outcomes of metastatic disease to the sella. Oncologist 25:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0520","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"1178_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03396-w","volume":"146","author":"S Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng S, Fomekong F, Delabar V et al (2020) Current status and treatment modalities in metastases to the pituitary: a systematic review. J Neurooncol 146:219\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-020-03396-w","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1178_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54391-4_16","volume-title":"The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia","author":"S Uccella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uccella S, Asa SL, Mete O (2021) Metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown primary site. The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 357\u2013387"},{"key":"1178_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002646","volume":"44","author":"B Saravana-Bawan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saravana-Bawan B, Bajwa A, Paterson J et al (2019) Efficacy of 177Lu peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Nucl Med 44:719\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002646","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"1178_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0065","volume":"8","author":"G Giuffrida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giuffrida G, Ferra\u00f9 F, Laudicella R et al (2019) Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for aggressive pituitary tumors: a monocentric experience. Endocr Connect 8:528\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-19-0065","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"}],"container-title":["Pituitary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T23:55:15Z","timestamp":1630713315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-021-01178-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-341X","1573-7403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The patient included in the manuscript as the case followed at our centre provided her written informed consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}