{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:39Z","timestamp":1792790499194,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause various immune-related adverse events including secondary hypophysitis. We compared clinical characteristics of immunotherapy-induced hypophysitis (IIH) and primary hypophysitis (PH)<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospective multicenter cohort study including 56 patients with IIH and 60 patients with PH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All patients underwent extensive endocrine testing. Data on age, gender, symptoms, endocrine dysfunction, MRI, immunotherapeutic agents and autoimmune diseases were collected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Median time of follow-up was 18 months in IIH and 69 months in PH. The median time from initiation of immunotherapy to IIH diagnosis was 3 months. IIH affected males more frequently than PH (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and led to more impaired pituitary axes in males (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The distribution of deficient adenohypophysial axes was comparable between both entities, however, central hypocortisolism was more frequent (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and diabetes insipidus considerably less frequent in IIH (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Symptoms were similar except that visual impairment occurred more rarely in IIH (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). 20\u2009% of IIH patients reported no symptoms at all. Regarding MRI, pituitary stalk thickening was less frequent in IIH (p\u2009=\u20090.009). Concomitant autoimmune diseases were more prevalent in PH patients before the diagnosis of hypophysitis (p\u2009=\u20090.003) and more frequent in IIH during follow-up (p\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinically, IIH and PH present with similar symptoms. Diabetes insipidus very rarely occurs in IIH. Central hypocortisolism, in contrast, is a typical feature of IIH. Preexisting autoimmunity seems not to be indicative of developing IIH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01182-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T18:02:57Z","timestamp":1631556177000},"page":"152-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Differences between immunotherapy-induced and primary hypophysitis\u2014a multicenter retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Amereller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0586-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Deutschbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8449-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamta","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3591-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Schopohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Schilbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Detomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5465-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylv\u00e8re","family":"St\u00f6rmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12766","volume":"290","author":"BA Wilky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilky BA (2019) Immune checkpoint inhibitors: The linchpins of modern immunotherapy. 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