{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:50:17Z","timestamp":1791183017854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bone impairment associated with Cushing\u2019s disease (CD) is a complex disorder, mainly involving deterioration of bone quality and resulting in an increased fracture rate, often despite normal bone mineral density. Bone complications are common in patients with CD at the time of diagnosis but may persist even after successful treatment. There is currently no agreement on the optimal diagnostic methods, thresholds for anti-osteoporotic therapy and its timing in CD. In this review, we summarize the current data on the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and management of bone complications in CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T11:01:58Z","timestamp":1721041318000},"page":"837-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cushing\u2019s disease and bone"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zdrojowy-We\u0142na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz136","author":"G Rubinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rubinstein G, Osswald A, Hoster E, Losa M, Elenkova A, Zacharieva S et al (2020) Time to diagnosis in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 5367 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgz136","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00235-7","volume":"9","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, Ben-Shlomo A, Bertherat J, Biermasz NR et al (2021) Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9:847\u2013875","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00005","volume":"39","author":"G Mazziotti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazziotti G, Frara S, Giustina A (2018) Pituitary diseases and bone. Endocr Rev 39:440\u2013488","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"1427_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae004","volume":"190","author":"A Giuliodori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giuliodori A, Soudah E, Malouf J, Martel-Duguech L, Amodru V, Gil J et al (2024) Evaluation of bone-related mechanical properties in female patients with long-term remission of Cushing\u2019s syndrome using quantitative computed tomography\u2013based finite element analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 190:86\u201395","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13114","author":"E Valassi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valassi E (2022) Clinical presentation and etiology of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: data from ERCUSYN. J Neuroendocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.13114","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01713.x","volume":"58","author":"C Di Somma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Loche S, Faggiano A, Klain M, Salvatore M et al (2003) Effect of 2 years of cortisol normalization on the impaired bone mass and turnover in adolescent and adult patients with Cushing\u2019s disease: a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:302\u2013308","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1427_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.50.1","volume":"50","author":"N Ohmori","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohmori N, Nomura K, Ohmori K, Kato Y, Itoh T, Takano K (2003) Osteoporosis is more prevalent in adrenal than in pituitary Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocr J 50:1\u20137","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"1427_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0582","volume":"91","author":"L Tauchmanov\u00e0","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tauchmanov\u00e0 L, Pivonello R, Di Somma C, Rossi R, De Martino MC, Camera L et al (2006) Bone demineralization and vertebral fractures in endogenous cortisol excess: role of disease etiology and gonadal status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1779\u20131784","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2520-5","volume":"25","author":"L Trementino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trementino L, Appolloni G, Ceccoli L, Marcelli G, Concettoni C, Boscaro M et al (2014) Bone complications in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: looking for clinical, biochemical, and genetic determinants. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 25:913\u2013921","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"1427_CR10","first-page":"107","volume":"1","author":"H Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou H, Cooper MS, Seibel MJ (2013) Endogenous Glucocorticoids and Bone Bone Res 1:107\u2013119","journal-title":"Endogenous Glucocorticoids and Bone Bone Res"},{"key":"1427_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.835720\/full","author":"M Gado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gado M, Baschant U, Hofbauer LC, Henneicke H (2022) Bad to the bone: the effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids on osteoblasts and osteocytes. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.835720\/full","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00498-x","volume":"17","author":"NE Lane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lane NE (2019) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: new insights into the pathophysiology and treatments. Curr Osteoporos Rep 17:1\u20137","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"1427_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-022-01252-w","volume":"25","author":"S Frara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frara S, di Filippo L, Doga M, Loli P, Casanueva FF, Giustina A (2022) Novel approaches to bone comorbidity in Cushing\u2019s disease: an update. Pituitary 25:754\u2013759","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1427_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.1.97","volume":"16","author":"L Dalle Carbonare","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dalle Carbonare L, Arlot ME, Chavassieux PM, Roux JP, Portero NR, Meunier PJ (2001) Comparison of trabecular bone microarchitecture and remodeling in glucocorticoid-induced and postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 16:97\u2013103","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1427_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4241-7","volume":"29","author":"ZE Belaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belaya ZE, Grebennikova TA, Melnichenko GA, Nikitin AG, Solodovnikov AG, Brovkina OI et al (2018) Effects of endogenous hypercortisolism on bone mRNA and microRNA expression in humans. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 29:211\u2013221","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"1427_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2218","volume":"97","author":"AH van Lierop","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Lierop AH, van der Eerden AW, Hamdy NT, Hermus AR, den Heijer M, Papapoulos SE (2012) Circulating sclerostin levels are decreased in patients with endogenous hypercortisolism and increase after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1953\u20131957","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24445","volume":"60","author":"LC Hofbauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hofbauer LC, Zeitz U, Schoppet M, Skalicky M, Sch\u00fcler C, Stolina M et al (2009) Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice by inhibition of RANKL. Arthritis Rheum 60:1427\u20131437","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1427_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.01.034","volume":"54","author":"W Yao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yao W, Dai W, Jiang JX, Lane NE (2013) Glucocorticoids and osteocyte autophagy. Bone 54:279\u2013284","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1427_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.01.006","volume":"34","author":"MM Uygur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uygur MM, Frara S, di Filippo L, Giustina A (2023) New tools for bone health assessment in secreting pituitary adenomas. Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM 34:231\u2013242","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM"},{"key":"1427_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1573","volume":"37","author":"SM Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim SM, Sultana F, Korkmaz F, Lizneva D, Yuen T, Zaidi M (2022) Independent skeletal actions of pituitary hormones. Endocrinol Metab 37:719\u2013731","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1616-3","volume":"15","author":"M Minetto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minetto M, Reimondo G, Osella G, Ventura M, Angeli A, Terzolo M (2004) Bone loss is more severe in primary adrenal than in pituitary-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 15:855\u2013861","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"1427_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-015-0244-1","author":"ZE Belaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belaya ZE, Hans D, Rozhinskaya LY, Dragunova NV, Sasonova NI, Solodovnikov AG et al (2015) The risk factors for fractures and trabecular bone-score value in patients with endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Arch Osteoporos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11657-015-0244-1","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"1427_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz329","volume":"105","author":"L Martel-Duguech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martel-Duguech L, Alonso-Jim\u00e9nez A, Bascu\u00f1ana H, D\u00edaz-Manera J, Llauger J, Nu\u00f1ez-Peralta C et al (2020) Thigh muscle fat infiltration is associated with impaired physical performance despite remission in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:2039\u20132049","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1427_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4490","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa625","volume":"105","author":"F Vogel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogel F, Braun LT, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, K\u00fcnzel H, Strasding F et al (2020) Persisting muscle dysfunction in Cushing\u2019s syndrome despite biochemical remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(12):e4490\u2013e4498","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1427_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad008","volume":"188","author":"V Amodru","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amodru V, Ferriere A, Tabarin A, Castinetti F, Tsagarakis S, Toth M et al (2023) Cushing\u2019s syndrome in the elderly: data from the European Registry on Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 188(4):395\u2013406","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1285","volume":"184","author":"F Vogel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogel F, Braun L, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Benedix S, Schneider H et al (2021) Patients with low IGF-I after curative surgery for Cushing\u2019s syndrome have an adverse long-term outcome of hypercortisolism-induced myopathy. Eur J Endocrinol 184:813\u2013821","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1146-8","volume":"54","author":"G Mazziotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazziotti G, Formenti AM, Adler RA, Bilezikian JP, Grossman A, Sbardella E et al (2016) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiological role of GH\/IGF-I and PTH\/VITAMIN D axes, treatment options and guidelines. Endocrine 54:603\u2013611","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1427_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.03.002","volume":"31","author":"AM Formenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Formenti AM, Maffezzoni F, Doga M, Mazziotti G, Giustina A (2017) Growth hormone deficiency in treated acromegaly and active Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 31:79\u201390","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0738-z","volume":"52","author":"G Mazziotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazziotti G, Doga M, Frara S, Maffezzoni F, Porcelli T, Cerri L et al (2016) Incidence of morphometric vertebral fractures in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrine 52:103\u2013110","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1427_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00086-3","volume":"4","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BMK, Colao A (2016) Complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4:611\u2013629","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02018.x","volume":"60","author":"G Johannsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johannsson G, Sunnerhagen KS, Svensson J (2004) Baseline characteristics and the effects of two years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency previously treated for Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:550\u2013559","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1427_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345378","volume":"28","author":"S Scommegna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scommegna S, Greening JP, Storr HL, Davies KM, Shaw NJ, Monson JP et al (2005) Bone mineral density at diagnosis and following successful treatment of pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. J Endocrinol Invest 28:231\u2013235","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1427_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0716-3","volume":"19","author":"NC van Varsseveld","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Varsseveld NC, van Bunderen CC, Franken AM, Koppeschaar HPF, van der Lely AJ, Drent ML (2016) Fractures in pituitary adenoma patients from the Dutch National Registry of growth hormone treatment in adults. Pituitary 19:381\u2013390","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1427_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/169889","volume":"61","author":"D Leszczy\u0144ska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leszczy\u0144ska D, Szatko A, Papierska L, Zgliczy\u0144ski W, Glinicki P (2023) Musculoskeletal complications of Cushing syndrome. Reumatologia 61:271\u2013282","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"1427_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.733793","author":"A Bosman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bosman A, van den Beld AW, Feelders RA, Zillikens MC (2021) Cortisol and phosphate homeostasis: Cushing\u2019s syndrome is associated with reversible hypophosphatemia. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.733793","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3761","volume":"34","author":"\u00c1 Delucchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delucchi \u00c1, Toro L, Alzamora R, Barrientos V, Gonz\u00e1lez M, Andaur R et al (2019) Glucocorticoids decrease longitudinal bone growth in pediatric kidney transplant recipients by stimulating the FGF23\/FGFR3 signaling pathway. J Bone Miner Res 34:1851\u20131861","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1427_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01841","volume":"152","author":"S Bonadonna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonadonna S, Burattin A, Nuzzo M, Bugari G, Rosei EA, Valle D et al (2005) Chronic glucocorticoid treatment alters spontaneous pulsatile parathyroid hormone secretory dynamics in human subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 152:199\u2013205","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090411","volume":"37","author":"JP Devogelaer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devogelaer JP, Adler RA, Recknor C, See K, Warner MR, Wong M et al (2010) Baseline glucocorticoid dose and bone mineral density response with teriparatide or alendronate therapy in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 37:141\u2013148","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1427_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3914","volume":"102","author":"NE Lane","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lane NE, Sanchez S, Modin GW, Genant HK, Pierini E, Arnaud CD (1998) Parathyroid hormone treatment can reverse corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Invest 102:1627\u20131633","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1427_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24879","volume":"60","author":"KG Saag","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP, Adler RA, Eastell R, See K et al (2009) Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 60:3346\u20133355","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1427_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071408","volume":"357","author":"KG Saag","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S, Mar\u00edn F, Donley DW, Taylor KA et al (2007) Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 357:2028\u20132039","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1427_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050973","author":"V Guarnotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Di Gaudio F, Giordano C (2022) Vitamin D deficiency in Cushing\u2019s disease: before and after its supplementation. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14050973","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1427_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124329","author":"A Povaliaeva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Povaliaeva A, Bogdanov V, Pigarova E, Zhukov A, Dzeranova L, Belaya Z et al (2021) Assessment of vitamin D metabolism in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease in response to 150,000 IU cholecalciferol treatment. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124329","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1427_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead187","volume":"38","author":"GE Papadakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papadakis GE, de Kalbermatten B, Dormoy A, Salenave S, Trabado S, Vieira-Pinto O et al (2023) Impact of Cushing\u2019s syndrome on the gonadotrope axis and testicular functions in men. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl 38:2350\u20132361","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Oxf Engl"},{"key":"1427_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03083-y","volume":"77","author":"H Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng H, Wang Q, Cui Q, Sun Q, Wu W, Ji L et al (2022) The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis in male Cushing\u2019s disease before and after curative surgery. Endocrine 77:357\u2013362","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1427_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2118","volume":"101","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, Melmed S, Murad MH, Salvatori R et al (2016) Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:3888\u20133921","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12812","volume":"83","author":"CV dos Santos","year":"2015","unstructured":"dos Santos CV, Vieira Neto L, Madeira M, Alves Coelho MC, de Mendon\u00e7a LMC, Paranhos-Neto FP et al (2015) Bone density and microarchitecture in endogenous hypercortisolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83:468\u2013474","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1427_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-021-00275-5","volume":"20","author":"F Carrone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carrone F, Ariano S, Piccini S, Milani D, Mirani M, Balzarini L et al (2021) Update on vertebral fractures in pituitary diseases: from research to clinical practice. Horm Athens Greece 20:423\u2013437","journal-title":"Horm Athens Greece"},{"key":"1427_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","volume":"354","author":"E Seeman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seeman E, Delmas PD (2006) Bone quality\u2014the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 354:2250\u20132261","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1427_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02056-w","volume":"46","author":"L Cianferotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cianferotti L, Cipriani C, Corbetta S, Corona G, Defeudis G, Lania AG et al (2023) Bone quality in endocrine diseases: determinants and clinical relevance. J Endocrinol Invest 46:1283\u20131304","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1427_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39726","volume":"68","author":"KG Saag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saag KG, Agnusdei D, Hans D, Kohlmeier LA, Krohn KD, Leib ES et al (2016) Trabecular bone score in patients with chronic glucocorticoid therapy-induced osteoporosis treated with alendronate or teriparatide: trabecular bone score in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 68:2122\u20132128","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"1427_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.593173","author":"B Stachowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stachowska B, Halupczok-\u017by\u0142a J, Kuliczkowska-P\u0142aksej J, Syrycka J, Bolanowski M (2020) Decreased trabecular bone score in patients with active endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.593173","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13743","volume":"89","author":"H Vinolas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinolas H, Grouthier V, Mehsen-Cetre N, Boisson A, Winzenrieth R, Schaeverbeke T et al (2018) Assessment of vertebral microarchitecture in overt and mild Cushing\u2019s syndrome using trabecular bone score. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 89:148\u2013154","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1427_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03318-6","volume":"80","author":"F Ferra\u00f9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferra\u00f9 F, Giovinazzo S, Alessi Y, Catalano A, Tessitore A, Mormina E et al (2023) Trabecular bone score, bone marrow fat and vertebral fractures in Cushing syndrome. Endocrine 80(2):441\u2013447","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1427_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02034-4","volume":"67","author":"F Ferra\u00f9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferra\u00f9 F, Giovinazzo S, Messina E, Tessitore A, Vinci S, Mazziotti G et al (2020) High bone marrow fat in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome and vertebral fractures. Endocrine 67:172\u2013179","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1427_CR56","first-page":"1863","volume":"83","author":"I Chiodini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chiodini I, Carnevale V, Torlontano M, Fusilli S, Guglielmi G, Pileri M et al (1998) Alterations of bone turnover and bone mass at different skeletal sites due to pure glucocorticoid excess: study in Eumenorrheic patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1863\u20131867","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4449","volume":"36","author":"WH Cheung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheung WH, Hung VWY, Cheuk KY, Chau WW, Tsoi KKF, Wong RMY et al (2020) Best performance parameters of HR-pQCT to predict fragility fracture: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res 36:2381\u20132398","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1427_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517725660","volume":"46","author":"W Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo W, Li F, Zhu C, Wang B, Wang K, Dai C et al (2018) Effect of hypercortisolism on bone mineral density and bone metabolism: a potential protective effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. J Int Med Res 46:492\u2013503","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"1427_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2016.42","author":"ZE Belaya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belaya ZE, Iljin AV, Melnichenko GA, Solodovnikov AG, Rozhinskaya LY, Dzeranova LK et al (2016) Diagnostic performance of osteocalcin measurements in patients with endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome. BoneKEy Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bonekey.2016.42","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep"},{"key":"1427_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170143","volume":"12","author":"B Cortet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cortet B, Cortet C, Blanckaert F, d\u2019Herbomez M, Marchandise X, W\u00e9meau JL et al (2001) Quantitative ultrasound of bone and markers of bone turnover in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Osteoporos Int 12:117\u2013123","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"1427_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4033","volume":"35","author":"LT Braun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braun LT, Fazel J, Zopp S, Benedix S, Osswald-Kopp A, Riester A et al (2020) The effect of biochemical remission on bone metabolism in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a 2-year follow-up study. J Bone Miner Res 35:1711\u20131717","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1427_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460051","volume":"146","author":"P Vestergaard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vestergaard P, Lindholm J, J\u00f8rgensen JOL, Hagen C, Hoeck HC, Laurberg P et al (2002) Increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 146:51\u201356","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02067","volume":"154","author":"C Kristo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kristo C, Jemtland R, Ueland T, Godang K, Bollerslev J (2006) Restoration of the coupling process and normalization of bone mass following successful treatment of endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a prospective, long-term study. Eur J Endocrinol 154:109\u2013118","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa291","volume":"105","author":"E Papakokkinou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papakokkinou E, Olsson DS, Chantzichristos D, Dahlqvist P, Segerstedt E, Olsson T et al (2020) Excess morbidity persists in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease during long-term remission: a Swedish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:2616\u20132624","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09693-7","volume":"22","author":"JP Bilezikian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilezikian JP, Formenti AM, Adler RA, Binkley N, Bouillon R, Lazaretti-Castro M et al (2021) Vitamin D: dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: does one approach fit all? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 22:1201\u20131218","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"1427_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101515","author":"S Frara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frara S, Allora A, di Filippo L, Formenti AM, Loli P, Polizzi E et al (2021) Osteopathy in mild adrenal Cushing\u2019s syndrome and Cushing disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101515","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.908727","author":"MR Laurent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laurent MR, Goemaere S, Verroken C, Bergmann P, Body JJ, Bruy\u00e8re O et al (2022) Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in adults: consensus recommendations from the Belgian bone club. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.908727","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40137","volume":"69","author":"L Buckley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA, Cannon M, Grossman J, Hansen KE et al (2017) 2017 American College of rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 69:1521\u20131537","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"1427_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.6.993","volume":"15","author":"TP Van Staa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Staa TP, Leufkens HGM, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C (2000) Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 15:993\u20131000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1427_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa228","volume":"60","author":"J Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng J, Silver Z, Huang E, Zheng E, Kavanagh K, Wen A et al (2021) Pharmacological prevention of fractures in patients undergoing glucocorticoid therapies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Rheumatol Oxf Engl 60:649\u2013657","journal-title":"Rheumatol Oxf Engl"},{"key":"1427_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz023","volume":"105","author":"L Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding L, Hu J, Wang D, Liu Q, Mo Y, Tan X et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of first- and second-line drugs to prevent glucocorticoid-induced fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:600\u2013613","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00486.x","volume":"48","author":"C Di Somma","year":"1998","unstructured":"Di Somma C, Colao A, Pivonello R, Klain M, Faggiano A, Tripodi FS et al (1998) Effectiveness of chronic treatment with alendronate in the osteoporosis of Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48:655\u2013662","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1427_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2588-y","volume":"25","author":"A Scillitani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scillitani A, Mazziotti G, Di Somma C, Moretti S, Stigliano A, Pivonello R et al (2014) Treatment of skeletal impairment in patients with endogenous hypercortisolism: when and how? Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 25:441\u2013446","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"1427_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X19877994","author":"S Minisola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minisola S, Cipriani C, Grotta GD, Colangelo L, Occhiuto M, Biondi P et al (2019) Update on the safety and efficacy of teriparatide in the treatment of osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1759720X19877994","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"1427_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2020.100293","author":"Y Hirooka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirooka Y, Nozaki Y, Inoue A, Li J, Shiga T, Kishimoto K et al (2020) Effects of denosumab versus teriparatide in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. Bone Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bonr.2020.100293","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"1427_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.753185","author":"Y Hirooka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hirooka Y, Nozaki Y, Okuda S, Sugiyama M, Kinoshita K, Funauchi M et al (2021) Four-year teriparatide followed by denosumab vs. continuous denosumab in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.753185","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1427_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2268-y","volume":"24","author":"ZE Belaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belaya ZE, Rozhinskaya LY, Melnichenko GA, Solodovnikov AG, Dragunova NV, Iljin AV et al (2013) Serum extracellular secreted antagonists of the canonical Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 24:2191\u20132199","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"1427_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021827","volume":"88","author":"BAL Crawford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crawford BAL, Liu PY, Kean MT, Bleasel JF, Handelsman DJ (2003) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3167\u20133176","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1427_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371014","volume":"37","author":"GM Hall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hall GM, Daniels M, Doyle DV, Spector TD (1994) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis Rheum 37:1499\u20131505","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1427_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.143453","volume":"70","author":"CC Mok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mok CC, Ying KY, To CH, Ho LY, Yu KL, Lee HK et al (2011) Raloxifene for prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss: a 12-month randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 70:778\u2013784","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Pituitary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T01:18:16Z","timestamp":1733879896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01427-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-341X","1573-7403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}