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We aim to investigate the expression of cytokine and chemokine in PAs\/PitNETs, and their association with PAs\/PitNETs clinical and biological behavior.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A prospective and monocenter study was performed on 16 patients diagnosed for PAs\/PitNETs. Cytokine and chemokine were detected on freshly collected PAs\/PitNETs samples. Tumor infiltering immune cells were investigated on formally fixed and paraffin-embedded PAs\/PitNETs samples. Clinical, biochemical, molecular and morphological data were collected from patients\u2019 medical records.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Out of 72 patients with PAs\/PitNETs that underwent surgical removal at the Neurosurgery Division of our Institution between January and June 2023, sixteen patients were enrolled in the study. Out of 42 cytokines and chemokines that we investigated, we found that the expressions of the growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)\/CXCL1, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)\/CCL17 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were higher in invasive tumors than in not-invasive ones (respectively <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). The EGF expression was higher in tumors with a MIB1\u2009&gt;\u20093% than in those with MIB1\u2009&lt;\u20093% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014). A positive correlation was detected between the expressions of EGF and CXCL1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, r: 0.7), EGF and GRO-a (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, r:0.61), and the number of tumors infiltering CD68\u2009+\u2009macrophages and the expression of CCL2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.695).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our preliminary results support that in PAs\/PitNETs, the cytokines and chemokines generate an immune network, that may contribute to regulating the cell proliferation and pattern of growth.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-025-01505-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:19:46Z","timestamp":1741630786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cytokines and chemokines modulate the growth of pituitary adenoma\/neuroendocrine tumors: preliminary results of a monocenter prospective pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Chiloiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Mattogno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Giampietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greis","family":"Konini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Valeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amato","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Cappoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Calandrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liverana","family":"Lauretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gaudino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Rindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Olivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"De Marinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Doglietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pontecorvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09782-1","volume":"24","author":"S Chiloiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiloiro S, De Marinis L (2023) The immune microenviroment in somatotropinomas: from biology to personalized and target therapy. 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SC and AB received grants from Pfizer. SC won the 2022 Arrigo Recordati Research Grant. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"37"}}