{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:00:14Z","timestamp":1793293214894,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:34:04Z","timestamp":1769067244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender differences in the glycometabolic and cardiovascular features of acromegaly"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Gatto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Arecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5242-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"De Alcubierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gentiluomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6078-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Lanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5842-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Paglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Frara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7472-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferra\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Simona","family":"Auriemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0849","volume":"51","author":"G Baggio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baggio G, Corsini A, Floreani A et al (2013) Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 51:713\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2012-0849","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"},{"key":"1629_CR2","unstructured":"Adigun OO, Nguyen M, Fox TJ, Anastasopoulou C (2024) Acromegaly. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1629_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2409076","volume":"393","author":"A Giustina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giustina A, Colao A (2025) Acromegaly. N Engl J Med 393:1926\u20131939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2409076","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1629_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0019","volume":"182","author":"D Esposito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esposito D, Ragnarsson O, Johannsson G, Olsson DS (2020) Prolonged diagnostic delay in acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Eur J Endocrinol 182:523\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0117","volume":"175","author":"J Dal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dal J, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Andersen M et al (2016) Acromegaly incidence, prevalence, complications and long-term prognosis: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 175:181\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0117","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.02.001","volume":"33","author":"L Maione","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maione L, Chanson P (2019) National acromegaly registries. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:101264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2019.02.001","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0106","volume":"23","author":"E Ritvonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ritvonen E, L\u00f6yttyniemi E, Jaatinen P et al (2016) Mortality in acromegaly: a 20-year follow-up study. Endocr Relat Cancer 23:469\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-16-0106","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"1629_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01148-2","volume":"21","author":"S Melmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Melmed S, Di Filippo L, Fleseriu M et al (2025) Consensus on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes: an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol 21:718\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-025-01148-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1348972","volume":"15","author":"S G\u0103loiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u0103loiu S, Toma I-D, T\u0103nasie DI et al (2024) High mortality risk among women with acromegaly still persists. Front Endocrinol 15:1348972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1348972","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01360-1","volume":"27","author":"A Giustina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giustina A, Biermasz N, Casanueva FF et al (2024) Consensus on criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and remission. Pituitary 27:7\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-023-01360-1","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2670","volume":"95","author":"A Giustina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giustina A, Chanson P, Bronstein MD et al (2010) A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:3141\u20133148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2670","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1629_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6363","volume":"85","author":"A Giustina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF et al (2000) Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement1 \u2020. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(2):526\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6363","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345496","volume":"25","author":"A Colao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colao A, Amato G, Pedroncelli AM et al (2002) Gender- and age-related differences in the endocrine parameters of acromegaly. J Endocrinol Invest 25:532\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345496","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015314906972","volume":"4","author":"PU Freda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Freda PU, Landman RE, Sundeen RE, Post KD (2001) Gender and age in the biochemical assessment of cure of acromegaly. Pituitary 4:163\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015314906972","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0253","volume":"24","author":"P Petrossians","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petrossians P, Daly AF, Natchev E et al (2017) Acromegaly at diagnosis in 3173 patients from the Li\u00e8ge Acromegaly Survey (LAS) database. Endocr Relat Cancer 24:505\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-17-0253","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"1629_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14750","volume":"98","author":"J Dal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dal J, Rosendal C, Karmisholt J et al (2023) Sex difference in patients with controlled acromegaly\u2014a multicentre survey. Clin Endocrinol 98:74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.14750","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1218-9","volume":"55","author":"AG Ioachimescu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ioachimescu AG (2017) Impact of acromegaly treatment on cardiovascular complications. Endocrine 55:659\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-016-1218-9","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1629_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e583","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad042","volume":"108","author":"R Pirchio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pirchio R, Auriemma RS, Grasso LFS et al (2023) Fertility in acromegaly: a single-center experience of female patients during active disease and after disease remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 108:e583\u2013e593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad042","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038","volume":"518","author":"R Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma R, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Sharma VM (2020) Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 518:111038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-17","volume":"3","author":"P Chanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chanson P, Salenave S (2008) Acromegaly. Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1172-3-17","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"1629_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-1023","volume":"182","author":"NF Lenders","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lenders NF, McCormack AI, Ho KKY (2020) Management of endocrine disease: does gender matter in the management of acromegaly? Eur J Endocrinol 182:R67\u2013R82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-19-1023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8006","volume":"86","author":"C Parkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parkinson C, Ryder WDJ, Trainer PJ (2001) The relationship between serum GH and serum IGF-I in acromegaly is gender-specific. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5240\u20135244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s466328","volume":"17","author":"M De Fano","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Fano M, Falorni A, Malara M et al (2024) Management of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and Cushing\u2019s disease with focus on pasireotide therapy: a narrative review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 17:2761\u20132774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmso.s466328","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"1629_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2896","volume":"98","author":"A Ciresi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciresi A, Amato MC, Pivonello R et al (2013) The metabolic profile in active acromegaly is gender-specific. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E51\u2013E59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2896","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bogus\u0142awska A, Gilis-Januszewska A, Godlewska M, et al (2022) Gender and age differences among patients with acromegaly. Polish Archives of Internal Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.16232","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16232"},{"key":"1629_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E521","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3347","volume":"97","author":"V Birzniece","year":"2012","unstructured":"Birzniece V, Sutanto S, Ho KKY (2012) Gender difference in the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone axis by selective estrogen receptor modulators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E521\u2013E527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-3347","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14392","volume":"94","author":"J Dal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal J, Skov BG, Andersen M et al (2021) Sex differences in acromegaly at diagnosis: a nationwide cohort study and meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Endocrinol 94:625\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.14392","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0449","volume":"159","author":"N Sucunza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sucunza N, Barahona MJ, Resmini E et al (2008) Gender dimorphism in body composition abnormalities in acromegaly: males are more affected than females. Eur J Endocrinol 159:773\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-08-0449","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae032","volume":"8","author":"A Milioto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milioto A, Corica G, Nista F et al (2024) Skeletal muscle evaluation in patients with acromegaly. J Endocr Soc 8:bvae032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae032","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"1629_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01422-y","volume":"27","author":"F Gatto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gatto F, Milioto A, Corica G et al (2024) Temporal and masseter muscle evaluation by MRI provides information on muscle mass and quality in acromegaly patients. Pituitary 27:507\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01422-y","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02624-2","author":"AC Inojosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Inojosa AC, Hirt AV, Ara\u00fajo T et al (2025) Sarcopenic obesity and physical function in acromegaly: impact of disease control and evaluation using dual X-ray absorptiometry and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-025-02624-2","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8429","volume":"87","author":"AF Attanasio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Attanasio AF, Bates PC, Ho KKY et al (2002) Human growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients: long-term effects on body composition and lipid status\u20143-year results from the HypoCCS database. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1600\u20131606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8429","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.41.63","volume":"41","author":"H-Y Hu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hu H-Y, Yamamoto H, Sohmiya M et al (1994) Body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the correlation with plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in normal Japanese subjects and patients with acromegaly and GH deficiency. Endocr J 41:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.41.63","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"1629_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.78.2.8106626","volume":"78","author":"AJ O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1994","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan AJ, Kelly JJ, Hoffman DM et al (1994) Body composition and energy expenditure in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:381\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.78.2.8106626","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09588-z","volume":"21","author":"A Giustina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giustina A, Barkhoudarian G, Beckers A et al (2020) Multidisciplinary management of acromegaly: a consensus. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 21:667\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09588-z","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"1629_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0058-5","volume":"14","author":"S Melmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melmed S, Bronstein MD, Chanson P et al (2018) A consensus statement on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:552\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-018-0058-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01091-7","volume":"24","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Biller BMK, Freda PU et al (2021) A Pituitary Society update to acromegaly management guidelines. Pituitary 24:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-020-01091-7","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02299-7","volume":"47","author":"R Pirchio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pirchio R, Auriemma RS, Vergura A et al (2024) Long-term pasireotide therapy in acromegaly: extensive real-life experience of a referral center. J Endocrinol Invest 47:1887\u20131901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-023-02299-7","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2332","volume":"94","author":"G Mazziotti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mazziotti G, Floriani I, Bonadonna S et al (2009) Effects of somatostatin analogs on glucose homeostasis: a meta-analysis of acromegaly studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1500\u20131508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-2332","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02566","volume":"103","author":"A Cozzolino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cozzolino A, Feola T, Simonelli I et al (2018) Somatostatin analogs and glucose metabolism in acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective interventional studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:2089\u20132099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-02566","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00993-x","volume":"20","author":"D Esposito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esposito D, Boguszewski CL, Colao A et al (2024) Diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly: pathophysiology, clinical challenges and management. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20:541\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-024-00993-x","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03339-1","volume":"81","author":"M Moustaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moustaki M, Paschou SA, Xekouki P et al (2023) Secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegaly. Endocrine 81:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-023-03339-1","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1629_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.002279","volume":"1","author":"JM Gaziano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, Vinik A et al (2012) Effect of bromocriptine-QR (a quick-release formulation of bromocriptine mesylate) on major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes subjects. J Am Heart Assoc 1:e002279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.112.002279","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1629_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70169-X","volume":"2","author":"MR Gadelha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gadelha MR, Bronstein MD, Brue T et al (2014) Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:875\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70169-X","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2480","volume":"99","author":"A Colao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colao A, Bronstein MD, Freda P et al (2014) Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:791\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-2480","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02186-1","volume":"47","author":"G Corica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corica G, Pirchio R, Milioto A et al (2023) Pasireotide effects on biochemical control and glycometabolic profile in acromegaly patients switched from combination therapies or unconventional dosages of somatostatin analogs. J Endocrinol Invest 47:683\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-023-02186-1","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.05.017","volume":"15","author":"M Gannon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gannon M, Kulkarni RN, Tse HM, Mauvais-Jarvis F (2018) Sex differences underlying pancreatic islet biology and its dysfunction. Mol Metab 15:82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.05.017","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.02.001","volume":"221","author":"JL Ram\u0131\u0301rez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ram\u0131\u0301rez JL, Grant M, Norman M et al (2004) Deficiency of somatostatin (SST) receptor type 5 (SSTR5) is associated with sexually dimorphic changes in the expression of SST and SST receptors in brain and pancreas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 221:105\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2004.02.001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02642-0","author":"F Costanza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Costanza F, Basile C, Chiloiro S et al (2025) Impact of pasireotide on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with acromegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-025-02642-0","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02281","volume":"104","author":"T Feola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feola T, Cozzolino A, Simonelli I et al (2019) Pegvisomant improves glucose metabolism in acromegaly: a meta-analysis of prospective interventional studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:2892\u20132902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-02281","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0705","volume":"160","author":"M Marazuela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marazuela M, Lucas T, Alvarez-Escol\u00e1 C et al (2009) Long-term treatment of acromegalic patients resistant to somatostatin analogues with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant: its efficacy in relation to gender and previous radiotherapy. Eur J Endocrinol 160:535\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-08-0705","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0247","volume":"13","author":"A Giampietro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giampietro A, Chiloiro S, Urbani C et al (2024) Factors associated with disease control failure in acromegaly patients treated with pegvisomant: an ACROSTUDY analysis. Endocrine Connect 13:e230247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-23-0247","journal-title":"Endocrine Connect"},{"key":"1629_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0797-7","volume":"20","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Grasso LFS et al (2017) Complications of acromegaly: cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic comorbidities. Pituitary 20:46\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-017-0797-7","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","volume":"45","author":"JW McEvoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM et al (2024) 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J 45:3912\u20134018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1629_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.008","volume":"48","author":"S Puglisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puglisi S, Terzolo M (2019) Hypertension and acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 48:779\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.008","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"1629_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02370.x","volume":"63","author":"G Vitale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vitale G, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS et al (2005) Hypertension in acromegaly and in the normal population: prevalence and determinants. Clin Endocrinol 63:470\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02370.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000962","volume":"34","author":"F Costenaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costenaro F, Martin A, Horn RF et al (2016) Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with acromegaly. J Hypertens 34:1357\u20131363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000962","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1629_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345478","volume":"22","author":"M Terzolo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Terzolo M, Matrella C, Boccuzzi A et al (1999) Twenty-four hour profile of blood pressure in patients with acromegaly. Correlation with demographic, clinical and hormonal features. J Endocrinol Invest 22:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345478","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2020.03.010","volume":"82","author":"P Kamenick\u00fd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamenick\u00fd P, Maione L, Chanson P (2021) Cardiovascular complications of acromegaly. Ann Endocrinol 82:206\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2020.03.010","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061906","volume":"14","author":"P Iglesias","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iglesias P (2025) Acromegaly and cardiovascular disease: associated cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular prognosis, and therapeutic impact. J Clin Med 14:1906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14061906","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1629_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1937","volume":"101","author":"LA Portocarrero-Ortiz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Portocarrero-Ortiz LA, Vergara-Lopez A, Vidrio-Velazquez M et al (2016) The Mexican acromegaly registry: clinical and biochemical characteristics at diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:3997\u20134004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-1937","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0084","volume":"167","author":"M Arosio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arosio M, Reimondo G, Malchiodi E et al (2012) Predictors of morbidity and mortality in acromegaly: an Italian survey. Eur J Endocrinol 167:189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0084","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510439","author":"A Mestron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mestron A, Webb S, Astorga R et al (2004) Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, outcome, morbidity and mortality in acromegaly based on the Spanish Acromegaly Registry (Registro Espanol de Acromegalia, REA). Eur J Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1510439","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0358","volume":"157","author":"M Bex","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bex M, Abs R, T\u2019Sjoen G et al (2007) AcroBel \u2013 the Belgian registry on acromegaly: a survey of the \u2018real-life\u2019 outcome in 418 acromegalic subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 157:399\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0358","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0602","volume":"168","author":"C Sch\u00f6fl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6fl C, Franz H, Grussendorf M et al (2013) Long-term outcome in patients with acromegaly: analysis of 1344 patients from the German Acromegaly Register. Eur J Endocrinol 168:39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0602","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0356","volume":"157","author":"G T\u2019Sjoen","year":"2007","unstructured":"T\u2019Sjoen G, Bex M, Maiter D et al (2007) Health-related quality of life in acromegalic subjects: data from AcroBel, the Belgian registry on acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 157:411\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0356","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0384-x","volume":"16","author":"G Sesmilo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sesmilo G, Gaztambide S, Venegas E et al (2013) Changes in acromegaly treatment over four decades in Spain: analysis of the Spanish Acromegaly Registry (REA). Pituitary 16:115\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-012-0384-x","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0562","volume":"175","author":"C Sardella","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sardella C, Cappellani D, Urbani C et al (2016) Disease activity and lifestyle influence comorbidities and cardiovascular events in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 175:443\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0562","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad141","volume":"108","author":"B Biagetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biagetti B, Iglesias P, Villar-Taibo R et al (2023) Mortality in acromegaly diagnosed in older individuals in Spain is higher in women compared to the general Spanish population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 108:2193\u20132202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad141","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.640999","volume":"11","author":"H Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang H, Tan H, Huang H, Li J (2021) Advances in research on the cardiovascular complications of acromegaly. Front Oncol 11:640999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.640999","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"1629_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22867","volume":"41","author":"AN Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma AN, Tan M, Amsterdam EA, Singh GD (2018) Acromegalic cardiomyopathy: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Clin Cardiol 41:419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.22867","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"1629_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/573643","volume":"2015","author":"X Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo X, Gao L, Zhang S et al (2015) Cardiovascular system changes and related risk factors in acromegaly patients: a case-control study. Int J Endocrinol 2015:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/573643","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000215","volume":"26","author":"MD Goldberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldberg MD, Vadera N, Yandrapalli S, Frishman WH (2018) Acromegalic cardiomyopathy: an overview of risk factors, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic options. Cardiol Rev 26:307\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000215","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"1629_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0995-5","volume":"55","author":"RS Auriemma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auriemma RS, Grasso LFS, Galdiero M et al (2017) Effects of long-term combined treatment with somatostatin analogues and pegvisomant on cardiac structure and performance in acromegaly. Endocrine 55:872\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-016-0995-5","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1629_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90161-5","volume":"72","author":"J Hradec","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hradec J, Marek J, Kral J et al (1993) Long-term echocardiographic follow-up of acromegalic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 72:205\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90161-5","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1629_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154615","volume":"14","author":"A Popielarz-Grygalewicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Popielarz-Grygalewicz A, Stelmachowska-Bana\u015b M, Raczkiewicz D et al (2023) Effects of acromegaly treatment on left ventricular systolic function assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography in relation to sex differences: results from a prospective single center study. Front Endocrinol 14:1154615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154615","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsha.2018.12.002","volume":"31","author":"HAH Bshiebish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bshiebish HAH, Al-Musawi AH, Khudeir SA (2019) Role of global longitudinal strain in assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Saudi Heart Assoc 31:100\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsha.2018.12.002","journal-title":"J Saudi Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1629_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.831179","volume":"13","author":"SR St. Pierre","year":"2022","unstructured":"St. Pierre SR, Peirlinck M, Kuhl E (2022) Sex matters: a comprehensive comparison of female and male hearts. Front Physiol 13:831179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.831179","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1629_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02381-0","volume":"90","author":"F Grothues","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JCC et al (2002) Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 90:29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02381-0","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1629_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346562","volume":"33","author":"F Bogazzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bogazzi F, Lombardi M, Strata E et al (2010) Effects of somatostatin analogues on acromegalic cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective study using cardiac magnetic resonance. J Endocrinol Invest 33:103\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03346562","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1629_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2675","volume":"100","author":"CM Dos Santos Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dos Santos Silva CM, Gottlieb I, Volschan I et al (2015) Low frequency of cardiomyopathy using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in an acromegaly contemporary cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:4447\u20134455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2675","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad105","volume":"189","author":"P Wolf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolf P, Bouazizi K, Kachenoura N et al (2023) Increase in intracellular and extracellular myocardial mass in patients with acromegaly: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Endocrinol 189:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad105","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2018464","volume":"2020","author":"X Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo X, Cao J, Liu P et al (2020) Cardiac abnormalities in acromegaly patients: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Endocrinol 2020:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2018464","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-024-01403-1","volume":"27","author":"D De Alcubierre","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Alcubierre D, Feola T, Cozzolino A et al (2024) The spectrum of cardiac abnormalities in patients with acromegaly: results from a case-control cardiac magnetic resonance study. Pituitary 27:416\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-024-01403-1","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09824-y","volume":"25","author":"A De Bellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Bellis A, De Angelis G, Fabris E et al (2020) Gender-related differences in heart failure: beyond the \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d paradigm. Heart Fail Rev 25:245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-019-09824-y","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"1629_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl8503","volume":"14","author":"R Pofi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pofi R, Giannetta E, Feola T et al (2022) Sex-specific effects of daily tadalafil on diabetic heart kinetics in RECOGITO, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Sci Transl Med 14:eabl8503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl8503","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1629_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.03.003","volume":"31","author":"V Birzniece","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birzniece V, Ho KKY (2017) Sex steroids and the GH axis: implications for the management of hypopituitarism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 31:59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2017.03.003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0792-z","volume":"20","author":"K Schilbach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schilbach K, Strasburger CJ, Bidlingmaier M (2017) Biochemical investigations in diagnosis and follow up of acromegaly. Pituitary 20:33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-017-0792-z","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000438904","volume":"103","author":"F Roelfsema","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roelfsema F, Veldhuis JD (2016) Growth hormone dynamics in healthy adults are related to age and sex and strongly dependent on body mass index. Neuroendocrinology 103:335\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000438904","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1629_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2104","volume":"93","author":"O Alexopoulou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexopoulou O, Bex M, Abs R et al (2008) Divergence between growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in the follow-up of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1324\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2007-2104","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0749-7","volume":"19","author":"L Warszawski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warszawski L, Kasuki L, S\u00e1 R et al (2016) Low frequency of cardniac arrhythmias and lack of structural heart disease in medically-na\u00efve acromegaly patients: a prospective study at baseline and after 1 year of somatostatin analogs treatment. Pituitary 19:582\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-016-0749-7","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6935054","volume":"2018","author":"A Popielarz-Grygalewicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popielarz-Grygalewicz A, G\u0105sior JS, Konwicka A et al (2018) Heart in acromegaly: the echocardiographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with acromegaly in various stages of the disease. Int J Endocrinol 2018:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6935054","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(95)00163-8","volume":"30","author":"P Delafontaine","year":"1995","unstructured":"Delafontaine P (1995) Insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 30:825\u2013834","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"1629_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1200107","volume":"120","author":"J Isgaard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Isgaard J, Nilsson A, Vikman K, Isaksson OGP (1989) Growth hormone regulates the level of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in rat skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 120:107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/joe.0.1200107","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2021.100852","volume":"36","author":"KW Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang KW, Wang IH, Fu P et al (2021) Insulin-like growth factor-1 directly affects cardiac cellular remodelling via distinct pathways. IJC Heart & Vasculature 36:100852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcha.2021.100852","journal-title":"IJC Heart & Vasculature"},{"key":"1629_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1142644","volume":"14","author":"M Macvanin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Macvanin M, Gluvic Z, Radovanovic J et al (2023) New insights on the cardiovascular effects of IGF-1. Front Endocrinol 14:1142644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1142644","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2547","volume":"92","author":"P Maison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maison P, Tropeano A-I, Macquin-Mavier I et al (2007) Impact of somatostatin analogs on the heart in acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1743\u20131747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-2547","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1314811","volume":"121","author":"C Berg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berg C, Petersenn S, Walensi M et al (2013) Cardiac risk in patients with treatment na\u00efve, first-line medically controlled and first-line surgically cured acromegaly in comparison to matched data from the general population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 121:125\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1314811","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"1629_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-007-0062-6","volume":"11","author":"L De Marinis","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Marinis L, Bianchi A, Mazziotti G et al (2008) The long-term cardiovascular outcome of different GH-lowering treatments in acromegaly. Pituitary 11:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-007-0062-6","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"1629_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0941","volume":"94","author":"A Colao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colao A, Auriemma RS, Galdiero M et al (2009) Effects of initial therapy for five years with somatostatin analogs for acromegaly on growth hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I levels, tumor shrinkage, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3746\u20133756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-0941","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0299","volume":"93","author":"A Colao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Colao A, Pivonello R, Galderisi M et al (2008) Impact of treating acromegaly first with surgery or somatostatin analogs on cardiomyopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2639\u20132646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-0299","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01689.x","volume":"58","author":"A Colao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colao A, Marzullo P, Cuocolo A et al (2003) Reversal of acromegalic cardiomyopathy in young but not in middle-aged patients after 12 months of treatment with the depot long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide. Clin Endocrinol 58:169\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01689.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09506-y","volume":"20","author":"F Gatto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gatto F, Campana C, Cocchiara F et al (2019) Current perspectives on the impact of clinical disease and biochemical control on comorbidities and quality of life in acromegaly. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 20:365\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-019-09506-y","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"1629_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2015.1035413","volume":"120","author":"E Ludvigsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ludvigsen E, Carlsson C, Tiensuu Janson E et al (2015) Somatostatin receptor 1\u20135; expression profiles during rat development. Ups J Med Sci 120:157\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03009734.2015.1035413","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"1629_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00235-9","volume":"1616","author":"LN M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller LN, Stidsen CE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ (2003) Somatostatin receptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1616:1\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00235-9","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes"},{"key":"1629_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1587","volume":"92","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Galderisi M, Auriemma RS et al (2007) Treatment with Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist in Acromegaly: Effect on Cardiac Structure and Performance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:476\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-1587","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1629_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0500","volume":"173","author":"E Kuhn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuhn E, Maione L, Bouchachi A et al (2015) Long-term effects of pegvisomant on comorbidities in patients with acromegaly: a retrospective single-center study. Eur J Endocrinol 173:693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0500","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1629_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.04.014","volume":"27","author":"S Frara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frara S, Maffezzoni F, Mazziotti G, Giustina A (2016) Current and emerging aspects of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27:470\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2016.04.014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Pituitary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:38:30Z","timestamp":1773682710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-025-01629-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-341X","1573-7403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"F.G. has received lecture\/manuscript writing and advisory board fees from Recordati Rare Diseases, and Camurus; F.G. is Associate Editor of Pituitary. The other authors declare no competing interests relating to the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}}],"article-number":"34"}}