{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:15:09Z","timestamp":1779282909435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pituitary"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T08:19:45Z","timestamp":1772871585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in the clinical presentation, management and long-term outcomes of pituitary tumors in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Maiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae120","volume":"191","author":"D Maiter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maiter D, Chanson P, Constantinescu SM, Linglart A (2024) Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Eur J Endocrinol 191(4):R55\u2013R69","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00948-8","volume":"20","author":"M Korbonits","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, Ayuk J, Davies JH, Druce MR et al (2024) Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 1, general recommendations. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20(5):278\u2013289","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0537","volume":"95","author":"A Raappana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raappana A, Koivukangas J, Ebeling T, Pirila T (2010) Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992\u20132007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(9):4268\u20134275","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0454-0","volume":"16","author":"M Gruppetta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gruppetta M, Mercieca C, Vassallo J (2013) Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas: a population based study in Malta. Pituitary 16(4):545\u2013553","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1625984","volume":"79","author":"A Perry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perry A, Graffeo CS, Marcellino C, Pollock BE, Wetjen NM, Meyer FB (2018) Pediatric Pituitary adenoma: case series, review of the literature, and a skull base treatment paradigm. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 79(1):91\u2013114","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.4.563","volume":"8","author":"MF Keil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keil MF, Stratakis CA (2008) Pituitary tumors in childhood: update of diagnosis, treatment and molecular genetics. Expert Rev Neurother 8(4):563\u2013574","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00949-7","volume":"20","author":"M Korbonits","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, Ayuk J, Davies JH, Druce MR et al (2024) Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: part 2, specific diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20(5):290\u2013309","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02557.x","volume":"41","author":"T Mindermann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mindermann T, Wilson CB (1994) Age-related and gender-related occurrence of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41(3):359\u2013364","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.104032","volume":"16","author":"MO Savage","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savage MO, Storr HL (2012) Pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: management issues. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16(Suppl 2):S171\u2013S175","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3604","volume":"98","author":"RR Lonser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lonser RR, Wind JJ, Nieman LK, Weil RJ, DeVroom HL, Oldfield EH (2013) Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing\u2019s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(3):892\u2013901","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202831","volume":"117","author":"BD Arasho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arasho BD, Schaller B, Sandu N, Zenebe G (2009) Gender-related differences in pituitary adenomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117(10):567\u2013572","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0075","volume":"185","author":"I Martinez de LaPiscina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez de LaPiscina I, Portillo Najera N, Rica I, Gaztambide S, Webb SM, Santos A et al (2021) Clinical and genetic characteristics in patients under 30 years with sporadic pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 185(4):485\u2013496","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01327-2","volume":"26","author":"CA Stratakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stratakis CA (2023) An update on, and genetics of refractory adenomas of childhood. Pituitary 26(3):281\u2013287","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02633-0","volume":"71","author":"J Denes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Denes J, Korbonits M (2021) The clinical aspects of pituitary tumour genetics. Endocrine 71(3):663\u2013674","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1655_CR15","unstructured":"Colao AP (2021) In: Feingold KA, RA; et al (eds) R. Pituitary Tumors in Childhood. MDText.com, Inc., Endotext"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-022-01250-y","volume":"25","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar S, Sarathi V, Lila AR, Sehemby M, Memon SS, Karlekar M et al (2022) Giant prolactinoma in children and adolescents: a single-center experience and systematic review. Pituitary 25(6):819\u201330","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad148","volume":"189","author":"A Boukerrouni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boukerrouni A, Cuny T, Anjou T, Raingeard I, Ferriere A, Grunenwald S et al (2023) Genetic testing in prolactinomas: a cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 189(6):567\u2013574","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3670","volume":"100","author":"S Salenave","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salenave S, Ancelle D, Bahougne T, Raverot G, Kamenicky P, Bouligand J et al (2015) Macroprolactinomas in children and adolescents: factors associated with the response to treatment in 77 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(3):1177\u201386","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.3.261","volume":"13","author":"HL Fideleff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fideleff HL, Boquete HR, Sequera A, Suarez M, Sobrado P, Giaccio A (2000) Peripubertal prolactinomas: clinical presentation and long-term outcome with different therapeutic approaches. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13(3):261\u2013267","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338345","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1338345","volume":"15","author":"L Dzialach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dzialach L, Sobolewska J, Zak Z, Respondek W, Witek P (2024) Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: male-specific differences in pathogenesis, clinical presentation and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1338345","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.8.5001","volume":"83","author":"A Colao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colao A, Loche S, Cappa M, Di Sarno A, Landi ML, Sarnacchiaro F et al (1998) Prolactinomas in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(8):2777\u201380","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101290","volume":"33","author":"P Chanson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chanson P, Maiter D (2019) The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Prolactinomas: The old and the new. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 33(2):101290","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00886-5","volume":"19","author":"S Petersenn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petersenn S, Fleseriu M, Casanueva FF, Giustina A, Biermasz N, Biller BMK et al (2023) Diagnosis and management of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a Pituitary Society international Consensus Statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 19(12):722\u201340","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1655_CR24","first-page":"2102","volume":"82","author":"E Delgrange","year":"1997","unstructured":"Delgrange E, Trouillas J, Maiter D, Donckier J, Tourniaire J (1997) Sex-related difference in the growth of prolactinomas: a clinical and proliferation marker study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(7):2102\u20132107","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R213","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0013","volume":"170","author":"D Maiter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maiter D, Delgrange E (2014) Therapy of endocrine disease: the challenges in managing giant prolactinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 170(6):R213\u2013R227","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3701","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf152","volume":"110","author":"SM Constantinescu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Constantinescu SM, Nava CM, Chasseloup F, Alexopoulou O, Chanson P, Maiter D (2025) Menopause has a beneficial influence on the evolution of prolactinomas. A study of 99 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 110(11):e3701\u2013e8","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0990","volume":"172","author":"E Delgrange","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delgrange E, Vasiljevic A, Wierinckx A, Francois P, Jouanneau E, Raverot G et al (2015) Expression of estrogen receptor alpha is associated with prolactin pituitary tumor prognosis and supports the sex-related difference in tumor growth. Eur J Endocrinol 172(6):791\u2013801","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000499382","volume":"109","author":"J Trouillas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trouillas J, Delgrange E, Wierinckx A, Vasiljevic A, Jouanneau E, Burman P et al (2019) Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Factors of Aggressiveness in Lactotroph Tumours. Neuroendocrinology 109(1):70\u201376","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2018.02.008","volume":"47","author":"MB Lodish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lodish MB, Keil MF, Stratakis CA (2018) Cushing\u2019s syndrome in pediatrics: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 47(2):451\u2013462","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09626-4","volume":"22","author":"R Ferrigno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrigno R, Hasenmajer V, Caiulo S, Minnetti M, Mazzotta P, Storr HL et al (2021) Paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical management and outcome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 22(4):817\u201335","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346074.037","volume":"28","author":"MJ Concepcion-Zavaleta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Concepcion-Zavaleta MJ, Armas CD, Quiroz-Aldave JE, Garcia-Villasante EJ, Gariza-Solano AC, Durand-Vasquez MDC et al (2023) Cushing disease in pediatrics: an update. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 28(2):87\u201397","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae904","volume":"110","author":"JE Salcedo-Sifuentes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salcedo-Sifuentes JE, Shih R, Heaney AP, Bergsneider M, Wang MB, Donangelo I et al (2025) Cushing disease clinical phenotype and tumor behavior vary with age: diagnostic and perioperative implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 110(9):2595\u2013604","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"1655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031531","volume":"89","author":"HL Storr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Storr HL, Isidori AM, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Savage MO (2004) Prepubertal Cushing\u2019s disease is more common in males, but there is no increase in severity at diagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(8):3818\u20133820","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2024.55","volume":"44","author":"BF Alqeeq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alqeeq BF, Ayyad M, Almadhoun WJ, Aboabdo M, Aldahdouh MS, Al-Tawil M et al (2024) Sex-related differences in Cushing\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Saudi Med 44(1):55\u201365","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1655_CR35","first-page":"7","volume":"48","author":"L Chioma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chioma L, Patti G, Cappa M, Maghnie M (2025) Cushing syndrome in paediatric population: who and how to screen. J Endocrinol Invest 48(Suppl 1):7\u201319","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1655_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345174","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1345174","volume":"15","author":"MO Savage","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savage MO, Ferrigno R (2024) Paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: long-term outcome and predictors of recurrence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1345174","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0509","volume":"162","author":"RP Dias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dias RP, Kumaran A, Chan LF, Martin L, Afshar F, Matson M et al (2010) Diagnosis, management and therapeutic outcome in prepubertal Cushing\u2019s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 162(3):603\u20139","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12644","volume":"83","author":"LG Libuit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Libuit LG, Karageorgiadis AS, Sinaii N, Nguyen May NM, Keil MF, Lodish MB et al (2015) A gender-dependent analysis of Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood: pre- and postoperative follow-up. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83(1):72\u20137","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01921","volume":"152","author":"HL Storr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Storr HL, Afshar F, Matson M, Sabin I, Davies KM, Evanson J et al (2005) Factors influencing cure by transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy in paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 152(6):825\u2013833","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12299","volume":"80","author":"M Zilio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zilio M, Barbot M, Ceccato F, Camozzi V, Bilora F, Casonato A et al (2014) Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s disease: gender-related differences. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80(3):403\u2013410","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2022.02.001","volume":"83","author":"A Tabarin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabarin A, Assie G, Barat P, Bonnet F, Bonneville JF, Borson-Chazot F et al (2022) Consensus statement by the French Society of Endocrinology (SFE) and French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology (SFEDP) on diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 83(2):119\u2013141","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"12","key":"1655_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00235-7","volume":"9","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, Ben-Shlomo A, Bertherat J, Biermasz NR et al (2021) Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(12):847\u201375","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0701-2","volume":"19","author":"T Burton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burton T, Le Nestour E, Neary M, Ludlam WH (2016) Incidence and prevalence of acromegaly in a large US health plan database. Pituitary 19(3):262\u20137","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0320","volume":"22","author":"L Rostomyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rostomyan L, Daly AF, Petrossians P, Nachev E, Lila AR, Lecoq AL et al (2015) Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 22(5):745\u2013757","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"1655_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boguslawska A, Korbonits M (2021) Genetics of Acromegaly and Gigantism. J Clin Med 10(7)","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071377"},{"key":"1655_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000539941","volume":"55","author":"AF Daly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daly AF, Petrossians P, Beckers A (2024) Pituitary acrogigantism: from the past to the future. Front Horm Res 55:82\u201397","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"25","key":"1655_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408028","volume":"371","author":"G Trivellin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trivellin G, Daly AF, Faucz FR, Yuan B, Rostomyan L, Larco DO et al (2014) Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 microduplications and GPR101 mutation. N Engl J Med 371(25):2363\u20132374","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0038","volume":"22","author":"A Beckers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beckers A, Lodish MB, Trivellin G, Rostomyan L, Lee M, Faucz FR et al (2015) X-linked acrogigantism syndrome: clinical profile and therapeutic responses. Endocr Relat Cancer 22(3):353\u201367","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0328-1","volume":"4","author":"D Iacovazzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iacovazzo D, Caswell R, Bunce B, Jose S, Yuan B, Hernandez-Ramirez LC et al (2016) Germline or somatic GPR101 duplication leads to X-linked acrogigantism: a clinico-pathological and genetic study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 4(1):56","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae014","volume":"45","author":"AF Daly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daly AF, Beckers A (2024) The genetic pathophysiology and clinical management of the TADopathy, X-linked acrogigantism. Endocr Rev 45(5):737\u2013754","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1655_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E373","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2556","volume":"95","author":"AF Daly","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daly AF, Tichomirowa MA, Petrossians P, Heliovaara E, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Barlier A et al (2010) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses in patients with germ-line AIP mutations and pituitary adenomas: an international collaborative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):E373\u2013E383","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"1655_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01148-2","volume":"21","author":"S Melmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Melmed S, di Filippo L, Fleseriu M, Mercado M, Karavitaki N, Gurnell M et al (2025) Consensus on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes: an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol 21(11):718\u201337","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1655_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2409076","volume":"393","author":"A Giustina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giustina A, Colao A, Acromegaly (2025) N Engl J Med 393(19):1926\u20131939","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0004","volume":"8","author":"AF Daly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daly AF, Rostomyan L, Betea D, Bonneville JF, Villa C, Pellegata NS et al (2019) AIP-mutated acromegaly resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogs: long-term control with pasireotide LAR in two patients. Endocr Connect 8(4):367\u201377","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR55","first-page":"e240003","volume":"4","author":"E Lamback","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lamback E, Miranda RL, Chimelli L, Andreiuolo F, Kasuki L, Wildemberg LE et al (2024) Pituitary gigantism due to a novel AIP germline splice-site variant. Endocr Oncol 4(1):e240003","journal-title":"Endocr Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0732-3","volume":"19","author":"R Mangupli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangupli R, Rostomyan L, Castermans E, Caberg JH, Camperos P, Krivoy J et al (2016) Combined treatment with octreotide LAR and pegvisomant in patients with pituitary gigantism: clinical evaluation and genetic screening. Pituitary 19(5):507\u201314","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"luad028","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luad028","volume":"1","author":"CP Burren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burren CP, Williams G, Coxson E, Korbonits M (2023) Effective Long-term Pediatric Pegvisomant Monotherapy to Final Height in X-linked Acrogigantism. JCEM Case Rep 1(3):luad028","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.1.PEDS11330","volume":"9","author":"M Yamaguchi-Okada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamaguchi-Okada M, Inoshita N, Nishioka H, Fukuhara N, Yamada S (2012) Clinicopathological analysis of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in patients younger than 25 years of age. J Neurosurg Pediatr 9(5):511\u2013516","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03512-w","volume":"148","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Wang R, Hu T, Wang Z, Duan Y, Han S et al (2020) Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in pediatric and adolescent patients: a clinical analysis of a series of 14 patients. J Neurooncol 148(1):179\u201386","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1655_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.043","volume":"120","author":"RL Batista","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batista RL, Trarbach EB, Marques MD, Cescato VA, da Silva GO, Herkenhoff CGB et al (2018) Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma Recurrence and Its Relationship with Sex, Size, and Hormonal Immunohistochemical Profile. World Neurosurg 120:e241\u2013e6","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.3.FOCUS20114","volume":"48","author":"AF Haddad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haddad AF, Young JS, Oh T, Pereira MP, Joshi RS, Pereira KM et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of null-cell versus silent gonadotroph adenomas in a series of 1166 pituitary adenomas from a single institution. Neurosurg Focus 48(6):E13","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1655_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Feng T, Wei L, Wang S (2025) Clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics and long-term outcomes of silent corticotroph adenomas: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-02115-8"},{"key":"1655_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.771673","volume":"12","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liu J, Deng K, Lu L, Zhu H, Lian X et al (2021) Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of pituitary TSH-secreting adenoma in adolescent-onset patients: six case studies and literature review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:771673","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"1655_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2362","volume":"99","author":"G Ntali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ntali G, Capatina C, Grossman A, Karavitaki N (2014) Clinical review: functioning gonadotroph adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(12):4423\u20134433","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04436-z","volume":"90","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wang L, Yao Y, Deng K, Mao X, Wang O et al (2025) Clinical features and literature review in children and adolescent patients with functioning gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine 90(3):1581\u20131591","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"12","key":"1655_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00237-7","volume":"7","author":"EL Zevin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zevin EL, Eugster EA (2023) Central precocious puberty: a review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 7(12):886\u2013896","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1655_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4847376","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4847376","volume":"2018","author":"R Lauretta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lauretta R, Sansone M, Sansone A, Romanelli F, Appetecchia M (2018) Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones. Int J Endocrinol 2018:4847376","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1655_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949620","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/949620","volume":"2015","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhu X, Zeng M, Zhuang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Z et al (2015) Gender-Specific Differences in Clinical Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease: A Single Center Experience. Int J Endocrinol 2015:949620","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0519","volume":"163","author":"CA Steele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steele CA, MacFarlane IA, Blair J, Cuthbertson DJ, Didi M, Mallucci C et al (2010) Pituitary adenomas in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: presentation, management, endocrine and metabolic outcomes. Eur J Endocrinol 163(4):515\u201322","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1687-0","volume":"62","author":"L Torres-Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Garcia L, Cerda-Flores RM, Marquez M (2018) Pediatric pituitary adenomas in Northeast Mexico. A follow-up study. Endocrine 62(2):361\u2013370","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14394","volume":"94","author":"VB Arya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arya VB, Aylwin SJB, Hulse T, Ajzensztejn M, Kalitsi J, Kalogirou N et al (2021) Prolactinoma in childhood and adolescence-Tumour size at presentation predicts management strategy: Single centre series and a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 94(3):413\u2013423","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3042-5","volume":"177","author":"A Hoffmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffmann A, Adelmann S, Lohle K, Claviez A, Muller HL (2018) Pediatric prolactinoma: initial presentation, treatment, and long-term prognosis. Eur J Pediatr 177(1):125\u2013132","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000486280","volume":"89","author":"T Breil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Breil T, Lorz C, Choukair D, Mittnacht J, Inta I, Klose D et al (2018) Clinical Features and Response to Treatment of Prolactinomas in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Single-Centre Analysis and Review of the Literature. Horm Res Paediatr 89(3):157\u2013165","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0206","volume":"11","author":"E Eren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eren E, Torel Ergur A, Isguven SP, Celebi Bitkin E, Berberoglu M, Siklar Z et al (2019) Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents: National Survey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 11(2):149\u2013156","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1655_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1741","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad769","volume":"109","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Ke X, Duan L, Yang H, Gong F, Pan H et al (2024) Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Prolactinomas in Children and Adolescents: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109(9):e1741\u2013e9","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Pituitary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1779282167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-026-01655-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-341X","1573-7403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45"}}