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However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the salivary cytokine profile in adults with acromegaly. The aim of this study was to identify the salivary profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with acromegaly in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 25 patients with acromegaly and age-, 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Demographic and general health data were collected. Saliva samples were obtained to quantify the concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, TGF-\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman's correlation, and ROC curve analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with acromegaly exhibited significantly higher salivary levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1 (p&lt;0.001), as well as IL-17A (p=0.029). No significant differences were observed for isolated IL-1\u03b2 and IL-22. Comparative analysis showed significantly lower IL-22\/IL-4 (p&lt;0.001), IL-1\u03b2\/IL-10 (p=0.023), and IL-22\/IL-10 (p=0.003) ratios in patients with acromegaly compared with controls. Given that IL-1\u03b2 and IL-22 did not differ significantly between groups, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 were increased in acromegaly, these lower ratios appear to primarily reflect higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines. In multivariate analysis, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, and TNF-\u03b1 remained statistically associated with acromegaly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings suggest that patients with acromegaly exhibit a significant imbalance in the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in saliva, with emphasis on IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, and TNF-\u03b1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-026-01767-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:15:09Z","timestamp":1792199709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation in the saliva of patients with acromegaly: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Renata Carvalho","family":"Campelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila Roselaine Lima","family":"de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessilene Ribeiro","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Gustavo Souza","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Sales","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina da Silva Pereira","family":"Damianse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana Santiago de Sousa","family":"Azulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel dos Santos","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilvan Cort\u00eas","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6785-7864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vandilson Pinheiro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement1","key":"1767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag114","volume":"111","author":"A Giustina","year":"2026","unstructured":"Giustina A, Fleseriu M (2026) Acromegaly complications: an update. 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The study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee from University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (CAAE: 33124820.6.0000.5086).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants formally agreed to participate by signing an informed consent form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"166"}}