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This process requires coordinated regulation of hundreds to thousands of genes, including the induction of highly expressed genes, traditionally referred to as nodulin genes. While the functions of many nodulins have been elucidated, a substantial number remained poorly characterized, or their functions are still unclear. One such gene,\n                    <jats:italic>NOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    5, was originally identified based on differential hybridization between roots and nodules and is expressed at exceptionally high levels in Medicago nodules. MtNOD25-like proteins in IRLC legumes exhibit a repetitive modular structure flanked by conserved N- and C-terminal regions, with clade-specific repeat organization. To understand the role of NOD25 in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, we generated loss-of-function mutants in\n                    <jats:italic>Medicago truncatula<\/jats:italic>\n                    using CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Four independent\n                    <jats:italic>Mtnod25<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant lines displayed normal growth under symbiotic conditions and showed no detectable defects in nodule colonization, symbiosome formation, or bacteroid differentiation. These results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>MtNOD25<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not essential for symbiosis in\n                    <jats:italic>M. truncatula<\/jats:italic>\n                    under the conditions tested. However, the biological function of MtNOD25 has not yet been elucidated, and its highly specialized evolutionary conservation suggests that it may have a specific, non-essential role in modulating or fine-tuning symbiotic processes under particular environmental or physiological conditions that remain to be defined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-026-01766-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:23:00Z","timestamp":1791472980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loss of Nod25 function does not affect nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in Medicago truncatula"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos Barnab\u00e1s","family":"Bir\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1gota","family":"Domonkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berivan","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Mohammadi Eghbash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy Botond","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0404-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kal\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1766_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","volume":"630","author":"J Abramson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, Pritzel A, Ronneberger O, Willmore L, Ballard AJ, Bambrick J, Bodenstein SW, Evans DA, Hung C-C, O\u2019Neill M, Reiman D, Tunyasuvunakool K, Wu Z, \u017demgulyt\u0117 A, Arvaniti E, Beattie C, Bertolli O, Bridgland A, Cherepanov A, Congreve M, Cowen-Rivers AI, Cowie A, Figurnov M, Fuchs FB, Gladman H, Jain R, Khan YA, Low CMR, Perlin K, Potapenko A, Savy P, Singh S, Stecula A, Thillaisundaram A, Tong C, Yakneen S, Zhong ED, Zielinski M, \u017d\u00eddek A, Bapst V, Kohli P, Jaderberg M, Hassabis D, Jumper JM (2024) Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. 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