{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:07:26Z","timestamp":1788224846869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]],"date-time":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Popul Res Policy Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]],"date-time":"2013-04-22T07:38:48Z","timestamp":1366616328000},"page":"687-716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Declining Segregation of Same-Sex Partners: Evidence from Census 2000 and 2010"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Spring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"9280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, S., & Brenner, J. (1992). Gender and space: Lesbians and gay men in the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 16(1), 24\u201334.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00463.x"},{"key":"9280_CR2","unstructured":"Advocate. (2007). The Advocate Poll, p. 10. Accessed 24 April 2007."},{"issue":"303","key":"9280_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.2008.00692.x","volume":"76","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. M., & Hammarstedt, M. (2009). Detecting discrimination against homosexuals: Evidence from a field experiment on the internet. Economica, 76(303), 588\u2013597.","journal-title":"Economica"},{"key":"9280_CR4","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"GW Allport","year":"1954","unstructured":"Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"issue":"5","key":"9280_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.26.5.385","volume":"26","author":"KB Anacker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anacker, K. B., & Morrow-Jones, H. A. (2005). Neighborhood factors associated with same-sex households in US cities. Urban Geography, 26(5), 385\u2013409.","journal-title":"Urban Geography"},{"issue":"4","key":"9280_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2307\/2524353","volume":"48","author":"MVL Badgett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Badgett, M. V. L. (1995). The wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48(4), 726\u2013739.","journal-title":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review"},{"key":"9280_CR7","unstructured":"Badgett, M. V. L., & Rogers, M. A. (2003). Left out of the count: Missing same-sex couples in Census 2000. Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies. Available via http:\/\/ourfamiliescount.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/01\/LeftOut.pdf . Cited 31 Aug 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912908317033","volume":"62","author":"J Barth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barth, J., Overby, L. M., & Huffmon, S. H. (2009). Community context, personal contact, and support for an anti-gay rights referendum. Political Research Quarterly, 62(2), 355\u2013365.","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"9280_CR9","volume-title":"Mapping desire: Geographies of sexualities","author":"D Bell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bell, D., & Valentine, G. (1995). Mapping desire: Geographies of sexualities. New York: Routledge."},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/2648117","volume":"37","author":"D Black","year":"2000","unstructured":"Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2000). Demographics of the gay and lesbian population in the United States: Evidence from available systematic data sources. Demography, 37(2), 139\u2013154.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.2001.2237","volume":"51","author":"D Black","year":"2002","unstructured":"Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2002). Why do gay men live in San Francisco? Journal of Urban Economics, 51(1), 54\u201376.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9280_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/3590918","volume":"56","author":"D Black","year":"2003","unstructured":"Black, D., Makar, H., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2003). The earning effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56(3), 449\u2013469.","journal-title":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review"},{"key":"9280_CR13","volume-title":"Toward a theory of minority-group relations","author":"HM Blalock","year":"1967","unstructured":"Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"9280_CR14","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Queers in space: Communities, public places, and sites of resistance","author":"A-M Bouthillette","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bouthillette, A.-M. (1997). Queer and gendered housing: A tale of two neighborhoods in Vancouver. In G. B. Ingram, A.-M. Bouthillette, & Y. Retter (Eds.), Queers in space: Communities, public places, and sites of resistance (pp. 213\u2013232). Seattle, WA: Bay Press."},{"key":"9280_CR15","unstructured":"Buchanan, W. (2007). S.F.\u2019s Castro District faces an identity crisis. San Francisco Chronicle. Available via http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/news\/article\/S-F-s-Castro-district-faces-an-identity-crisis-2615423.php . Accessed 25 Feb 2007."},{"key":"9280_CR16","volume-title":"The city and the grassroots: A cross-cultural theory of urban social movement","author":"M Castells","year":"1983","unstructured":"Castells, M. (1983). The city and the grassroots: A cross-cultural theory of urban social movement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press."},{"key":"9280_CR17","volume-title":"The power of identity","author":"M Castells","year":"1997","unstructured":"Castells, M. (1997). The power of identity. Malden, MA: Blackwell."},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2011.09.004","volume":"72","author":"D Christafore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christafore, D., & Leguizamon, S. (2012). The influence of gay and lesbian coupled households on house prices in conservative and liberal neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Economics, 72(2), 258\u2013267.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9280_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9272.2007.00613.x","volume":"59","author":"TJ Cooke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooke, T. J., & Rapino, M. (2007). The migration of partnered gays and lesbians between 1995 and 2000. The Professional Geographer, 59(3), 285\u2013297.","journal-title":"The Professional Geographer"},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2307\/2088328","volume":"20","author":"OD Duncan","year":"1955","unstructured":"Duncan, O. D., & Duncan, B. (1955). A methodological analysis of segregation measures. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210\u2013217.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR21","first-page":"8","volume":"2","author":"J Escoffier","year":"1975","unstructured":"Escoffier, J. (1975). Stigmas, work environment, and economic discrimination against homosexuals. Homosexual Counseling Journal, 2(1), 8\u201317.","journal-title":"Homosexual Counseling Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"9280_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1086\/230580","volume":"100","author":"R Farley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farley, R., Steeh, C., Krysan, M., Jackson, T., & Reeves, K. (1994). Stereotypes and segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit area. American Journal of Sociology, 100(3), 750\u2013780.","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"9280_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203997673","volume-title":"Cities and the creative class","author":"RL Florida","year":"2005","unstructured":"Florida, R. L. (2005). Cities and the creative class. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"9280_CR24","unstructured":"Florida, R., & Gates, G. (2001). Technology and tolerance: The importance of diversity to high-technology growth. The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy. Available via http:\/\/www.urban.org\/UploadedPDF\/1000492_tech_and_tolerance.pdf . Cited 31 Aug 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbp022","volume":"10","author":"R Florida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Florida, R., & Mellander, C. (2010). There goes the metro: How and why bohemians, artists and gays affect regional housing values. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 167\u2013188.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.00052","volume":"21","author":"A Forsyth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Forsyth, A. (1997). \u2018Out\u2019 in the valley. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(1), 38\u201362.","journal-title":"International Journal of Urban and Regional Research"},{"key":"9280_CR27","unstructured":"Gates, G. J. (2010). Same-sex couples in US Census Bureau data: Who gets counted and why. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Available via http:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/research\/census-lgbt-demographics-studies\/same-sex-couples-in-us-census-bureau-data-who-gets-counted-and-why\/ . Cited 31 Aug 2012."},{"key":"9280_CR28","unstructured":"Gates, G. J., & Cooke, A. M. (2012). Census 2010 snapshots. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Available via http:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/research\/census-lgbt-demographics-studies\/us-census-snapshot-2010\/ . Cited 31 Aug 2012."},{"key":"9280_CR29","volume-title":"The gay and lesbian atlas","author":"GJ Gates","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gates, G. J., & Ost, J. (2004). The gay and lesbian atlas. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press."},{"key":"9280_CR30","unstructured":"GeoLytics, Inc. (2010). Census of population and housing 2010, summary file 1 in 2000 boundaries. East Brunswick, NJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"9280_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1525\/ctx.2010.9.4.64","volume":"9","author":"A Ghaziani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghaziani, A. (2010). There goes the gayborhood? Contexts, 9(4), 64\u201366.","journal-title":"Contexts"},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2011.58.1.99","volume":"58","author":"A Ghaziani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghaziani, A. (2011). Post-gay collective identity construction. Social Problems, 58(1), 99\u2013125.","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"9280_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.479","volume":"27","author":"DP Green","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green, D. P., McFalls, L. H., & Smith, J. K. (2001). Hate crime: An emergent research agenda. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 479\u2013516.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1086\/210042","volume":"104","author":"DP Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green, D. P., Strolovitch, D. Z., & Wong, J. S. (1998). Defended neighborhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime. American Journal of Sociology, 104(2), 372\u2013403.","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6040.2010.01353.x","volume":"10","author":"KL Hayslett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayslett, K. L., & Kane, M. D. (2011). \u201cOut\u201d in Columbus: A geospatial analysis of the neighborhood-level distribution of gay and lesbian households. City & Community, 10(2), 131\u2013156.","journal-title":"City & Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"9280_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296224007","volume":"22","author":"GM Herek","year":"1996","unstructured":"Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). \u201cSome of my best friends\u201d: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals\u2019 attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 412\u2013424.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9280_CR37","unstructured":"Johnson, R., & Farley, R. (1985). On the statistical significance of the index of dissimilarity. Paper presented at the 1985 Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Washington, DC."},{"key":"9280_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0743-0167(01)00007-9","volume":"17","author":"K Kirkey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirkey, K., & Forsyth, A. (2001). Men in the valley: Gay male life on the suburban-rural fringe. Journal of Rural Studies, 17, 421\u2013441.","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Studies"},{"key":"9280_CR39","unstructured":"Kyles, K. (2007). Culture clash: Boystown shifting as more families move in. Chicago Tribune. Available via http:\/\/articles.chicagotribune.com\/2007-12-10\/news\/0712100253_1_gay-men-calendars-culture-clash . Accessed 10 Dec 2007."},{"key":"9280_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226470337.001.0001","volume-title":"The sexual organization of the city","author":"E Laumann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laumann, E., Ellingson, S., Mahay, J., Paik, A., & Youm, Y. (2004). The sexual organization of the city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9280_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2011.58.3.389","volume":"58","author":"N Lauster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lauster, N., & Easterbrook, A. (2011). No room for new families? A field experiment measuring rental discrimination against same-sex couples and single parents. Social Problems, 58(3), 389\u2013409.","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2004.0007","volume":"41","author":"JR Logan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Logan, J. R., Stults, B. J., & Farley, R. (2004). Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography, 41(1), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"9280_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/67.2.281","volume":"67","author":"DS Massey","year":"1988","unstructured":"Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67(2), 281\u2013315.","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"9280_CR44","volume-title":"American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass","author":"DS Massey","year":"1993","unstructured":"Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9280_CR45","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, M., & Feliz, S. (2011). Same-sex couple household statistics from the 2010 Census. Social, Economic and Housing Statistics Division working paper number 2011-26, US Bureau of the Census. Available via http:\/\/www.census.gov\/hhes\/samesex\/files\/ss-report.doc . Cited 31 Aug 2012."},{"key":"9280_CR46","volume-title":"The ordeal of integration: Progress and resentment in America\u2019s \u201cracial\u201d crisis","author":"O Patterson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Patterson, O. (1997). The ordeal of integration: Progress and resentment in America\u2019s \u201cracial\u201d crisis. Washington, DC: Civitas\/Counterpoint."},{"key":"9280_CR47","volume-title":"The age of independence: Interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family","author":"MJ Rosenfeld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, M. J. (2007). The age of independence: Interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9280_CR48","volume-title":"Why families move","author":"PH Rossi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rossi, P. H. (1980). Why families move. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications."},{"key":"9280_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushbrook, D. (2002). Cities, queer space, and the cosmopolitan tourist. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 8(1\u20132), 183\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1215\/10642684-8-1-2-183"},{"key":"9280_CR50","volume-title":"Beyond the closet: The transformation of gay and lesbian life","author":"S Seidman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seidman, S. (2002). Beyond the closet: The transformation of gay and lesbian life. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"9280_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1086\/449123","volume":"8","author":"W Skogan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Skogan, W. (1986). Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime and Justice, 8, 203\u2013229.","journal-title":"Crime and Justice"},{"key":"9280_CR52","volume-title":"America in black and white: One nation, indivisible","author":"S Thernstrom","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thernstrom, S., & Thernstrom, A. (1997). America in black and white: One nation, indivisible. New York: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"9280_CR53","volume-title":"Census of population and housing, 2000: Summary tape file 1","author":"US Census Bureau","year":"2000","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. (2000). Census of population and housing, 2000: Summary tape file 1. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce."},{"key":"9280_CR54","volume-title":"American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, 2005\u20132009","author":"US Census Bureau","year":"2009","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. (2009). American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, 2005\u20132009. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce."},{"key":"9280_CR55","volume-title":"Census of population and housing, 2010: Summary tape file 1","author":"US Census Bureau","year":"2010","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. (2010). Census of population and housing, 2010: Summary tape file 1. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce."},{"key":"9280_CR56","unstructured":"US Department of Justice & Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2005\u20132010). Hate Crime Statistics, 2005\u20132010. Available via http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about-us\/cjis\/ucr\/ucr#cius_hatecrime . Cited 23 Jan 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"9280_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/217913","volume":"44","author":"L Wirth","year":"1938","unstructured":"Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"9280_CR58","volume-title":"Alternative measures of school segregation","author":"BS Zoloth","year":"1976","unstructured":"Zoloth, B. S. (1976). Alternative measures of school segregation. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin."}],"container-title":["Population Research and Policy Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T22:20:19Z","timestamp":1562970019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11113-013-9280-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5923","1573-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5923","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]]}}}