{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T19:56:15Z","timestamp":1775332575410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transportation"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>As urban areas continue to expand and develop, categorizing cities into typologies offers a valuable framework for understanding metropolitan dynamics and fostering inter-city collaboration. However, existing typologies related to urban mobility have limitations, failing to consider cities within a single large urban region and often overlooking crucial dimensions such as trip demand and traffic flow. In this paper, we introduce a transportation-focused characterization for cities within a large urban region, specifically the San Francisco Bay Area, California. We incorporate over 40 metrics across five transportation dimensions: trip demand, road network, multi-modal network, traffic flow, and land use. Specifically, for the trip demand dimension, we include metrics capturing residents\u2019 trip characteristics, such as mode share, intra-city trips, and inter-city trips. Additionally, we analyze the purpose of trips entering the city to gain a deeper understanding of incoming trip patterns. In the traffic flow dimension, we examine metrics like vehicle miles traveled, delay, and congestion to assess the traffic conditions on the street network. These, combined with other dimensions, provide a comprehensive view of a city\u2019s transportation dynamics. Using unsupervised machine learning clustering methods, we identified eight distinct typologies for the Bay Area: Live Work Cities; Job and Activity Magnet Cities; Anchor Cities; Multi-modal Cities; Hyper-connected Cities; Low-density Residential Cities; Medium-density Residential Cities; and Mixed-use Residential Cities. Our findings show that many clusters are strongly influenced by trip demand and traffic flow metrics. Finally, we examine the practicality of this typology and its potential to guide collaborative transportation management strategies. The typologies provide a foundation for dialogue among Bay Area cities, focusing on evaluating shared characteristics and leveraging successes or challenges to develop unified strategies for transportation management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T12:41:58Z","timestamp":1742820118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring urban typologies using comprehensive analysis of transportation dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Anu","family":"Kuncheria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10580_CR1","unstructured":"Agarwal, P., Alam, M.A., Biswas, R.: Issues, Challenges and Tools of Clustering Algorithms. ArXiv, Vol. abs\/1110.2610 (2011)"},{"key":"10580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2015.11.031","volume":"51","author":"S Angel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angel, S., Blei, A.M.: The spatial structure of American cities: the great majority of workplaces are no longer in CBDs, employment sub-centers, or live-work communities. Cities 51, 21\u201335 (2016)","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci6010011","volume":"6","author":"M Badhrudeen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badhrudeen, M., Derrible, S., Verma, T., Kermanshah, A., Furno, A.: A geometric classification of world urban road networks. Urban Sci. 6(1), 11 (2022)","journal-title":"Urban Sci."},{"key":"10580_CR4","unstructured":"Bellafante, G.: Alameda, Calif., on San Francisco Bay, With Great Views and Rising Prices. The New York Times (2020). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"key":"10580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkeley, V.: Telegraph Business Improvement District (2024). Accessed 11 Nov 2024","DOI":"10.1002\/nba.31710"},{"key":"10580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeing, G.: The morphology and circuity of walkable and drivable street networks. In: Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology, pp. 271\u2013287 (2019b)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12381-9_12"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0189-1","volume":"4","author":"G Boeing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boeing, G.: Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy. Appl. Netw. Sci. 4(1), 1\u201319 (2019)","journal-title":"Appl. Netw. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2006-00085-1","volume":"49","author":"J Buhl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buhl, J., Gautrais, J., Reeves, N., Sol\u00e9, R.V., Valverde, S., Kuntz, P., Theraulaz, G.: Topological patterns in street networks ofself-organized urban settlements. Eur. Phys. J. B Condens. Matter Complex Syst. 49(4), 513\u2013522 (2006)","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. B Condens. Matter Complex Syst."},{"key":"10580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.06.024","volume":"151","author":"J Burke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burke, J., Alom\u00e0, R.G., Yu, F., Kruguer, J.: Geospatial analysis framework for evaluating urban design typologies in relation with the 15-minute city standards. J. Bus. Res. 151, 651\u2013667 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"10580_CR10","unstructured":"California.com, The Ultimate Guide to Visiting Los Gatos (2024). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.73.066107","volume":"73","author":"A Cardillo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cardillo, A., Scellato, S., Latora, V., Porta, S.: Structural properties of planar graphs of urban street patterns. Phys. Rev. E 73(6), 066107 (2006)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2011-10889-3","volume":"84","author":"SHY Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan, S.H.Y., Donner, R.V., L\u00e4mmer, S.: Urban road networks\u2014spatial networks with universal geometric features? A case study on Germany\u2019s largest cities. Eur. Phys. J. B 84(4), 563\u2013577 (2011)","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. B"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10580_CR13","first-page":"7:1","volume":"33","author":"C Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan, C., Kuncheria, A., Macfarlane, J.: Simulating the impact of dynamic rerouting on metropolitan-scale traffic systems. ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul. 33(1\u20132), 7:1-7:29 (2023)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"10580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Z., Cheng, L., Chen, H.: A Review of Activity-Based Travel Demand Modeling, pp. 48\u201359 (2012)","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412442.006"},{"key":"10580_CR15","unstructured":"City, W.R.: Calm Down (2022). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"key":"10580_CR16","unstructured":"Contributors, W.: Financial District, San Francisco. Image (2024). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.73.036125","volume":"73","author":"P Crucitti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crucitti, P., Latora, V., Porta, S.: Centrality measures in spatial networks of urban streets. Phys. Rev. E 73(3), 036125 (2006)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"10580_CR18","unstructured":"Dancer, S.: Menlo Park Neighborhood Guide (2024). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-016-9329-7","volume":"17","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fielbaum, A., Jara-Diaz, S., Gschwender, A.: A parametric description of cities for the normative analysis of transport systems. Netw. Spat. Econ. 17(2), 343\u2013365 (2017)","journal-title":"Netw. Spat. Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168037","volume":"7","author":"GJ Fielding","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fielding, G.J., Glauthier, R.E., Lave, C.A.: Performance indicators for transit management. Transportation 7(4), 365\u2013379 (1978)","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatzweiler, F.W., Reis, S., Zhang, Y., Jayasinghe, S.: Lessons from complexity science for urban health and well-being. Cities Health. 1(2) (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/23748834.2018.1448551"},{"key":"10580_CR22","unstructured":"Google Maps, Street View of Location at 37.4231192, -122.0850491 (2024)"},{"key":"10580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handy, S.L.: Urban Form and Pedestrian Choices: Study of Austin Neighborhoods\u2014Susan L. Handy, 1996. Transportation Research Record (1996)","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198196155200119"},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.02.010","volume":"82","author":"J Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang, J., Lu, X.X., Sellers, J.M.: A global comparative analysis of urban form: applying spatial metrics and remote sensing. Landsc. Urban Plan. 82(4), 184\u2013197 (2007)","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43261-0","volume":"13","author":"I Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong, I., Choi, M., Kwak, J., Ku, D., Lee, S.: A comprehensive walkability evaluation system for promoting environmental benefits. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 16183 (2023)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2007.05.064","volume":"384","author":"B Jiang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiang, B.: A topological pattern of urban street networks: universality and peculiarity. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 384(2), 647\u2013655 (2007)","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"10580_CR27","unstructured":"Justia, California Government Code Section 34502, 2024, accessed: 2024-10-20"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04978-z","volume":"9","author":"A Kirkley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirkley, A., Barbosa, H., Barthelemy, M., Ghoshal, G.: From the betweenness centrality in street networks to structural invariants in random planar graphs. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 2501 (2018)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"10580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2022.2157366","volume":"15","author":"A Kuncheria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuncheria, A., Walker, J.L., Macfarlane, J.: Socially-aware evaluation framework for transportation. Transp. Lett. 15(10), 1389\u20131407 (2023)","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"10580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, F., Brown, N.C., Duarte, J.P.: Chapter 10\u2014Optimizing urban grid layouts using proximity metrics. In: As, I., Basu, P., Talwar, P. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Urban Planning and Design, pp. 181\u2013200. Elsevier (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823941-4.00001-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"10580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6100295","volume":"6","author":"J Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, J., Ban, Y.: Comparative analysis on topological structures of urban street networks. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 6(10), 295 (2017)","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012453859","volume":"50","author":"X Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, X., Timberlake, M.: World city typologies and national city system deterritorialisation: USA, China and Japan. Urban Stud. 50(2), 255\u2013275 (2013)","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"10580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, L., Leon, E., Youssef, S.A., Karaa, A.K.: Strengthening the health lens in urban resilience frameworks. Cities Health. 4(2) (2020)","DOI":"10.1080\/23748834.2020.1731918"},{"issue":"2014","key":"10580_CR34","first-page":"95","volume":"33","author":"J McIntosh","year":"1960","unstructured":"McIntosh, J., Trubka, R., Kenworthy, J., Newman, P.: The role of urban form and transit in city car dependence: analysis of 26 global cities from, to 2000. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 33(2014), 95\u2013110 (1960)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10580_CR35","unstructured":"Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco Bay Region Incorporated Cities and Towns (2023)"},{"key":"10580_CR100","unstructured":"Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC).: Regional bike facilities (2024). https:\/\/opendata.mtc.ca.gov\/datasets\/MTC::regional-bike-facilities\/about. Accessed 19 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR36","volume":"14","author":"JB Oke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oke, J.B., Aboutaleb, Y.M., Akkinepally, A., Azevedo, C.L., Han, Y., Zegras, P.C., Ferreira, J., Ben-Akiva, M.E.: A novel global urban typology framework for sustainable mobility futures. Environ. Res. Lett. 14(9), 095006 (2019)","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peninsula, T. S.\u00a0F.: Woodside (2024). Accessed 11 Nov 2024","DOI":"10.5962\/p.382251"},{"key":"10580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103061","volume":"93","author":"N Popovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popovich, N., Spurlock, C.A., Needell, Z., Jin, L., Wenzel, T., Sheppard, C., Asudegi, M.: A methodology to develop a geospatial transportation typology. J. Transp. Geogr. 93, 103061 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103661","volume":"139","author":"S Rath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rath, S., Chow, J.Y.J.: Worldwide city transport typology prediction with sentence-BERT based supervised learning via Wikipedia. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 139, 103661 (2022)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, G.F.d., Vives\u00a0Vergara, A., Fuentes-Alburquenque, M., de\u00a0Sousa\u00a0Filho, J.F., Paiva, A.S., Useche, A.F., Yamada, G., Alfaro, T., Friche, A.A.L., Andrade, R.F.S., Barreto, M.L., Caiaffa, W.T., Diez-Roux, A.V.: Socioeconomic urban environment in Latin America: towards a typology of cities. Sustainability. 15(8), 6380 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086380"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6923(01)00009-6","volume":"9","author":"T Schwanen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwanen, T., Dieleman, F.M., Dijst, M.: Travel behaviour in Dutch monocentric and policentric urban systems. J. Transp. Geogr. 9(3), 173\u2013186 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12030130","volume":"12","author":"J Seong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seong, J., Kim, Y., Goh, H., Kim, H., Stanescu, A.: Measuring traffic congestion with novel metrics: a case study of six U.S. metropolitan areas. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 12(3), 130 (2023)","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"10580_CR43","unstructured":"SFCTA, SF-CHAMP 6.1: ConnectSF Needs Assessment 2015 Base Year Model Run. San Francisco County Transportation Authority (2019)"},{"key":"10580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, W.-L., Chen, Y., Bi, H., Zhang, H., Ma, C., Ochieng, W.: Statistical characteristics and community analysis of urban road networks. Complexity. 2020 (2020)","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6025821"},{"key":"10580_CR45","unstructured":"Smeds, E., Jones, P., Dragutescu, A., Horvat, M., Meskovic, E.: Conceptual Framework and Analytical Tools (2020)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1068\/b38216","volume":"40","author":"E Strano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strano, E., Viana, M., Da Fontoura Costa, L., Cardillo, A., Porta, S., Latora, V.: Urban street networks, a comparative analysis of ten European cities. Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 40(6), 1071\u20131086 (2013)","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"10580_CR47","unstructured":"Suganya, R., Pavithra, M., Nandhini, P.: Algorithms and challenges in big data clustering. Int. J. Eng. Tech. 4(4) (2018)"},{"key":"10580_CR48","unstructured":"Vinovest, Real Estate vs. Wine (2023). Accessed 11 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1068\/a46277","volume":"47","author":"R Walker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker, R., Schafran, A.: The strange case of the bay area. Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space 47(1), 10\u201329 (2015)","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space"},{"key":"10580_CR50","unstructured":"Wikipedia Contributors, List of Cities and Towns in the San Francisco Bay Area. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area&oldid=1172401447 (2023). Accessed 20 Oct 2024"},{"key":"10580_CR51","unstructured":"Xie, F., Levinson, D.: Measuring the structure of road networks. Geogr. Anal. 39 (2005)"},{"key":"10580_CR52","unstructured":"Zerhari, B., Lahcen, A., Mouline, S.: Big data clustering: algorithms and challenges. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Big Data, Cloud and Applications (BDCA\u201915), Tetuan, Morocco (2015)"}],"container-title":["Transportation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T12:43:25Z","timestamp":1742820205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-024-10580-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4488","1572-9435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4488","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9435","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}