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Most known\n                    <jats:italic>potentially habitable<\/jats:italic>\n                    exo-planets orbit cool M-dwarf stars, which have limited emission in the photosynthetically active region of the spectrum (PAR,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$400&lt; \\lambda &lt; 700$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mn>400<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mi>\u03bb<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mn>700<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    nm) used by Earth\u2019s oxygenic photoautotrophs. Still, recent experiments have shown that model cyanobacteria, algae, and non-vascular plants grow comfortably under simulated M-dwarf light, though vascular plants struggle. Here, we hypothesize that this is partly due to the different ways they harvest light, reflecting some general\n                    <jats:italic>rule<\/jats:italic>\n                    that determines how photosynthetic antenna structures may evolve under different stars. We construct a simple thermodynamic model of an oxygenic antenna-reaction centre supercomplex and determine the optimum structure, size and absorption spectrum under light from several star types. For the hotter G (e.g. the Sun) and K-stars, a small modular antenna is optimal and qualitatively resembles the PSII-LHCII supercomplex of higher plants. For the cooler M-dwarfs, a very large antenna with a steep \u2019energy funnel\u2019 is required, resembling the cyanobacterial phycobilisome. For the coolest M-dwarfs an upper limit is reached, where increasing antenna size further is subject to steep diminishing returns in photosynthetic output. We conclude that G- and K-stars could support a range of niches for oxygenic photo-autotrophs, including high-light adapted canopy vegetation that may generate detectable bio-signatures. M-dwarfs may only be able to support low light-adapted organisms that have to invest considerable resources in maintaining a large antenna. This may negatively impact global coverage and therefore detectability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-024-01118-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T12:02:16Z","timestamp":1725969736000},"page":"75-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimizing photosynthetic light-harvesting under stars: simple and general antenna models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Samir","family":"Chitnavis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifigeneia","family":"Rousouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Gillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad W.","family":"Mullineaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Haworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D. 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