{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T01:30:16Z","timestamp":1786498216657,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reservation-based Native American youth are at disproportionate risk for high-risk substance use. The culture-as-treatment hypothesis suggests aspects of tribal culture can support prevention and healing in this context; however, the protective role of communal mastery and tribal identity have yet to be fully explored. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between cultural factors and high-risk substance use, which includes polysubstance use, early initiation of alcohol and illicit drugs, and binge drinking, and (2) substance use frequency and prevalence of various substances via cross-sectional design. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to analyze data from 288 tribal members (15\u201324\u00a0years of age) residing on\/near the Fort Peck Reservation in the Northern Plains. When controlling for childhood trauma and school attendance, having at least a high school education (OR\u2009=\u20090.434, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028), increased communal mastery (OR\u2009=\u20090.931, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), and higher levels of tribal identity (OR\u2009=\u20090.579, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) were significantly associated with lower odds of polysubstance use. Overall prevalence of polysubstance use was 50%, and binge drinking had the highest single substance prevalence (66%). Prevalence of early initiation of substances (\u2264\u200914\u00a0years) was inhalants (70%), alcohol (61%), marijuana (74%), methamphetamine (23%), and prescription drug misuse (23%). Hydrocodone, an opioid, was the most frequently misused prescription drug. Findings indicate programs focused on promoting education engagement, communal mastery, and tribal identity may mitigate substance use for Native American adolescents living in high-risk, reservation-based settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T02:02:45Z","timestamp":1654048965000},"page":"1287-1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cultural Protection from Polysubstance Use Among Native American Adolescents and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1888-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa N.","family":"Brockie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn C.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Dana-Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harolyn M. E.","family":"Belcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Kub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerreed D.","family":"Ivanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenyth","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Wetsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly C.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-018-9586-y","volume":"45","author":"A Acevedo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., & Campbell, K. (2018). Disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders: Does where you live matter? The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 45, 533\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-018-9586-y","journal-title":"The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research"},{"key":"1373_CR2","unstructured":"Akee, R. K., & Taylor, J. B. (2014). Social and economic change on American Indian reservations: A data book of the US censuses and American community survey, 1990- 2010. Taylor Policy Group. http:\/\/taylorpolicy.com\/us-databook. Accessed 5 August 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1300\/J005v32n01_04","volume":"32","author":"J Allen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Allen, J., Mohatt, G. V., Rasmus, S. M., Hazel, K. L., & Lindley, S. (2006). The tools to understand: Community as co-researcher on culture-specific protective factors for Alaska Natives. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 32, 41\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J005v32n01_04","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community"},{"key":"1373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.592432","volume":"46","author":"JA Baldwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baldwin, J. A., Brown, B. G., Wayment, H. A., Nez, R. A., & Brelsford, K. M. (2011). Culture and context: Buffering the relationship between stressful life events and risky behaviors in American Indian youth. Substance Use and Misuse, 46, 1380\u20131394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2011.592432","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"1373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000690","volume":"35","author":"DE Banks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banks, D. E., Clifton, R. L., & Wheeler, P. B. (2021). Racial identity, discrimination, and polysubstance use: Examining culturally relevant correlates of substance use profiles among Black young adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35, 224\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000690","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.10.1683","volume":"93","author":"J Beals","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beals, J., Spicer, P., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., & Yazzie, L. L. (2003). Racial disparities in alcohol use: Comparison of 2 American Indian reservation populations with national data. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1683\u20131685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.93.10.1683","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"1373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.0501.1992.13","volume":"5","author":"F Beauvais","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beauvais, F. (1992). Comparison of drug use rates for reservation Indian, non-reservation Indian and Anglo youth. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 5, 13\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5820\/aian.0501.1992.13","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"key":"1373_CR8","unstructured":"Beauvais, F. (1998). American Indians and alcohol. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22(4), 253\u2013259."},{"key":"1373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beckstead, D. J., Lambert, M. J., DuBose, A. P., & Linehan, M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy with American Indian\/Alaska Native adolescents diagnosed with substance use disorders: Combining an evidence-based treatment with cultural, traditional, and spiritual beliefs. Addictive Behaviors, 51, 84\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.07.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.07.018"},{"key":"1373_CR10","volume-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self- report","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self- report. The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"1373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., et al. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 169\u2013190.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"1373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (1996). The return to the sacred path: Healing from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 68(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00377319809517532","DOI":"10.1080\/00377319809517532"},{"key":"1373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brave Heart, M. Y. H., & DeBruyn, L. M. (1998). The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 60\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5820\/aian.0802.1998.60","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.0802.1998.60"},{"key":"1373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117473","volume":"141","author":"ND Brener","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brener, N. D., Collins, J. L., Kann, L., Warren, C. W., & Williams, B. I. (1995). Reliability of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 575\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117473","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"1373_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"62","author":"ND Brener","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brener, N. D., Kann, L., Shanklin, S., Kinchen, S., & Flint, K. H. (2013). Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system\u20142013. MMWR Recommended Reports, 62, 1\u201320.","journal-title":"MMWR Recommended Reports"},{"key":"1373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2017.0035","volume":"11","author":"T Brockie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brockie, T., Dana-Sacco, G., Magana-Lopez, M., & Wetsit, L. (2017). Essentials of research engagement with Native American tribes: Data collection reflections of a tribal research team. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 11, 301\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/cpr.2017.0035","journal-title":"Progress in Community Health Partnerships"},{"key":"1373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-015-9721-3","volume":"55","author":"T Brockie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brockie, T., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G., Wilcox, H., & Campbell, J. (2015). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55, 411\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-015-9721-3","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"1373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brockie, T., Haroz, E. E., Nelson, K. E., Cwik, M., Decker, E., Ricker, A., Littlepage, S., Mayhew, J., Wilson, D., Wetsit, L., & Barlow, A. (2021). Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014bye\u017ea (Little Holy One) \u2013 an intergenerational intervention for Native American parents and children: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial with embedded single-case experimental design. BMC Public Health, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12272-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12272-9"},{"key":"1373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brockie, T., Heinzelmann, M., & Gill, J. (2013). A framework to examine the role of epigenetics in health disparities among Native Americans. Nursing Research and Practice, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/410395","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/410395"},{"key":"1373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12167","volume":"33","author":"L Broffman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broffman, L., Spurlock, M., Dulacki, K., Campbell, A., & Davis, M. M. (2017). Understanding treatment gaps for mental health, alcohol, and drug use in South Dakota: A qualitative study of rural perspectives. Journal of Rural Health, 33, 71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jrh.12167","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"1373_CR21","unstructured":"Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2008). Indian Affairs promotes increased capital investment in Indian Country. U.S. Department of the Interior. https:\/\/www.bia.gov\/as-ia\/opa\/online-press-release\/indian-affairs-promotes-increased-capital-investment-indian-country. Accessed March 15, 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/105382590702900315","volume":"29","author":"S Carter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carter, S., Straights, K. J. E., & Hall, M. (2007). Project Venture: Evaluation of an experiential, culturally based approach to substance abuse prevention with American Indian youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 29, 397\u2013400.","journal-title":"Journal of Experiential Education"},{"key":"1373_CR23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). 2009 National High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Questionnaire. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"1373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000069","volume":"27","author":"JP Connor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014). Polysubstance use: Diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27, 269\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000069","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"1373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.12.006","volume":"52","author":"KP Conway","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conway, K. P., Vullo, G. C., Nichter, B., Wang, J., Compton, W. M., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons-Morton, B. (2013). Prevalence and patterns of polysubstance use in a nationally representative sample of 10th graders in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 716\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.12.006","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.032","volume":"88","author":"CL Currie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Currie, C. L., Wild, T. C., Schopflocher, D. P., Laing, L., & Veugelers, P. (2013). Illicit and prescription drug problems among urban Aboriginal adults in Canada: The role of traditional culture in protection and resilience. Social Science & Medicine, 88, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.032","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"1373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cwik, M. F., Rosenstock, S., Tingey, L., Redmond, C., Goklish, N., Larzelere-Hinton, F., & Barlow, A. (2017). Exploration of pathways to binge drinking among American Indian adolescents. Prevention Science, 18, 545\u2013-554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-017-0752-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0752-x"},{"key":"1373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.06.023","volume":"65","author":"DL Dickerson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dickerson, D. L., Brown, R. A., Johnson, C. L., Schweigman, K., & D\u2019Amico, E. J. (2016). Integrating motivational interviewing and traditional practices to address alcohol and drug use among urban American Indian\/Alaska Native youth. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 65, 26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.06.023","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"1373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108228","volume":"1","author":"GT DiGuiseppi","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiGuiseppi, G. T., Davis, J. P., Christie, N. C., & Rice, E. (2020). Polysubstance use among youth experiencing homelessness: The role of trauma, mental health, and social network composition. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 108228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108228","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.2201.2015.42","volume":"22","author":"DM Donovan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donovan, D. M., Thomas, L. R., Sigo, R. L. W., Price, L., & Bagley, L. (2015). Healing of the canoe: Preliminary results of a culturally tailored intervention to prevent substance abuse and promote tribal identity for Native youth in two Pacific Northwest tribes. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 22, 42\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5820\/aian.2201.2015.42","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"key":"1373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.11.019","volume":"60","author":"T Dunne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunne, T., Bishop, L., Avery, S., & Darcy, S. (2017). A review of effective youth engagement strategies for mental health and substance use interventions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60, 487\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.11.019","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5567-1_22","volume-title":"International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma","author":"E Duran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duran, E., Duran, B., Brave Heart, M. Y. H., & Horse-Davis, S. Y. (1998). Healing the American Indian soul wound. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma (pp. 341\u2013354). Springer."},{"key":"1373_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"61","author":"DK Eaton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., & Wechsler, H. (2012). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2011. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 61, 1\u2013162.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"1373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414001473","volume":"27","author":"JW Felton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Felton, J. W., Kofler, M. J., Lopez, C. M., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2015). The emergence of co-occurring adolescent polysubstance use and depressive symptoms: A latent growth modeling approach. Developmental Psychopathology, 27, 1367\u20131383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579414001473","journal-title":"Developmental Psychopathology"},{"key":"1373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gone, J. P., & Calf Looking, P. E. (2011). American Indian culture as substance abuse treatment: Pursuing evidence for a local intervention. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(4), 291-296.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2011.628915","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.628915"},{"key":"1373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","volume":"73","author":"B Grant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grant, B., Saha, T., Ruan, W., Goldstein, R., & Huang, B. (2016). Epidemiology of DSM- 5 drug use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.02.032","volume":"82","author":"BL Greenfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenfield, B. L., Venner, K. L., Tonigan, J. S., Honeyestewa, M., & Bluehorse, D. (2018). Low rates of alcohol and tobacco use, strong cultural ties for Native American college students in the Southwest. Addictive Behaviors, 82, 122\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.02.032","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128712466372","volume":"61","author":"KJ Hartshorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hartshorn, K. J., Whitbeck, L. B., & Prentice, P. (2015). Substance use disorders, comorbidity, and arrest among Indigenous adolescents. Crime & Delinquency, 61, 1311\u20131332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128712466372","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"1373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020209220214","volume":"30","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hobfoll, S. E., Jackson, A., Hobfoll, I., Pierce, C. A., & Young, S. (2002). The impact of communal mastery versus self-mastery on emotional outcomes during stressful conditions: A prospective study of Native American women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 853\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1020209220214","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"1373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659616679234","volume":"29","author":"CE Holliday","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holliday, C. E., Wynne, M., Katz, J., Ford, C., & Barbosa-Leiker, C. (2016). A CBPR approach to finding community strengths and challenges to prevent youth suicide and substance abuse. Transcultural Nursing, 29, 64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043659616679234","journal-title":"Transcultural Nursing"},{"key":"1373_CR41","unstructured":"Indian Health Service (IHS). (2012). Regional differences in Indian Health: 2012 edition. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Rockville, MD. https:\/\/www.ihs.gov\/sites\/dps\/themes\/responsive2017\/displayobjects\/documents\/RegionalDifferences2012Edition.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson, T., MacKenzie, J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2000). Communal aspects of self-regulation. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich, & M Zeidner. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 275- 300): Elsevier. Kana'iaupuni, S.M. (2005). Ka\u2018ak\u0101lai K\u016b Kanaka: A call for strengths-based approaches from a Native Hawaiian perspective. Educational Researcher, 34(5), 32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X034005032","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X034005032"},{"key":"1373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kana'iaupuni, S. M. (2005). Ka\u2018ak\u0101lai K\u016b Kanaka: A call for strengths-based approaches from a Native Hawaiian perspective. Educational Researcher, 34(5), 32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X034005032","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X034005032"},{"key":"1373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000068","volume":"29","author":"AB Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly, A. B., Chan, G. C., Mason, W. A., & Williams, J. (2015). The relationship between psychological distress and adolescent polydrug use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 787\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000068","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kiedrowski, L., & Selva, A. (2019). Patterns of polysubstance use among non-Hispanic White and American Indian\/Alaska Native adolescents: An exploratory analysis. Preventing Chronic Disease, 16(180108). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd16.180108","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd16.180108"},{"key":"1373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-016-0461-4","volume":"38","author":"SS Kulis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulis, S. S., Ayers, S. L., & Harthun, M. L. (2017). Substance use prevention for urban American Indian youth: A efficacy trial of the culturally adapted Living in 2 Worlds program. Journal of Primary Prevention, 38, 137\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-016-0461-4","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"key":"1373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701202783","volume":"43","author":"SJ Kunitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kunitz, S. J. (2008). Risk factors for polydrug use in a Native American population. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 331\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826080701202783","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"1373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1971.32.706","volume":"32","author":"SJ Kunitz","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kunitz, S. J., Levy, J. E., Odoroff, C. L., & Bollinger, J. (1971). The epidemiology of alcoholic cirrhosis in two southwestern Indian tribes. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 32, 706\u2013720.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"key":"1373_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.023","volume":"86","author":"MT Lynskey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lynskey, M. T., Grant, J. D., Li, L., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Statham, D., Martin, N. G., & Heath, A. C. (2007). Stimulant use and symptoms of abuse\/dependence: Epidemiology and associations with cannabis use \u2013 a twin study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86, 147\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.023","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1373_CR50","unstructured":"MainStreet. (2011). The poorest counties in America. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mainstreet.com\/slideshow\/moneyinvesting\/news\/poorest-counties-america. Accessed 1 June 2021"},{"key":"1373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.840254","volume":"19","author":"K Manzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manzo, K., Tiesman, H., Stewart, J., Hobbs, G. R., & Knox, S. S. (2015). A comparison of risk factors associated with suicide ideation\/attempts in American Indian and White youth in Montana. Archives of Suicide Research, 19, 89\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2013.840254","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"1373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C. S. (2008). Timing of alcohol and other drug use. Alcohol Research and Health, 31, 96\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.003"},{"key":"1373_CR53","unstructured":"May, P. A. (1996). Overview of alcohol abuse epidemiology for American Indian populations. In G.D. Sandefur, R.R. Rindfuss, & B. Cohen (Eds.), Changing numbers, changing needs: American Indian demography and public health (pp. 235\u2013261)."},{"key":"1373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0622-x","volume":"18","author":"D McCarty-Caplan","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCarty-Caplan, D., Jantz, I., & Swartz, J. (2013). MSM and drug use: A latent class analysis of drug use and related sexual risk behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 1339\u20131351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0622-x","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"1373_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025456","volume":"17","author":"NV Mohatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohatt, N. V., Fok, C. C. T., Burket, R., Henry, D., & Allen, J. (2011). Assessment of awareness ofconnectedness as a culturally-based protective factor for Alaska Native youth. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 444\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025456","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"key":"1373_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-1-10","volume":"1","author":"GV Mohatt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mohatt, G. V., Rasmus, S. M., Thomas, L., Allen, J., & Hensel, C. (2004). \u201cTied together like a woven hat:\u201d Protective pathways to Alaska Native sobriety. Harm Reduction Journal, 1, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7517-1-10","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"1373_CR57","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2012). Commonly used drugs charts. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/download\/2918\/commonly-used-drugs-charts.pdf?v=297a7d6c889a22228d2e4ab83541d494. Accessed 30 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR58","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2003). Preventing drug use among children and adolescents: A research-based guide. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/preventingdruguse_2_1.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR59","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Drinking levels defined. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohol-health\/overview-alcohol-consumption\/moderate-binge-drinking"},{"key":"1373_CR60","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2017). Trends and statistics. National Institutes of Health. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drug-topics\/trends-statistics. Accessed 30 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-63","volume":"6","author":"DK Novins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Novins, D. K., Aarons, G. A., Conti, S. G., Dahlke, D., & Spicer, P. (2011). Use of the evidence base in substance abuse treatment programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives: Pursuing quality in the crucible of practice and policy. Implementation Science, 6, 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-6-63","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1373_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oetting, E. R. (1997). Orthogonal cultural identification: Theoretical links between cultural identification and substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 32(12\u201313, 1193\u20131198).","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089709035603"},{"key":"1373_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.04.013","volume":"31","author":"BF Piko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piko, B. F. (2006). Adolescent smoking and drinking: The role of communal mastery and other social influences. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 102\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.04.013","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00643.x","volume":"81","author":"S Ramisetty-Mikler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramisetty-Mikler, S., & Ebama, M. S. (2011). Alcohol\/drug exposure, HIV-related sexual risk among urban American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Evidence from a national survey. Journal of School Health, 81, 671\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00643.x","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"1373_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2016.1184601","volume":"26","author":"ME Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts, M. E., Spillane, N. S., Colby, S. M., & Jackson, K. M. (2017). Forecasting disparities with early substance-use milestones. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26, 56\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1067828X.2016.1184601","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse"},{"key":"1373_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2190\/LFJ0-ER64-1FVY-PA7L","volume":"33","author":"E Sale","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sale, E., Sambrano, S., Springer, J. F., & Turner, C. W. (2003). Risk, protection, and substance use in adolescents: A multi-site model. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/LFJ0-ER64-1FVY-PA7L","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Education"},{"key":"1373_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106682","volume":"113","author":"MR Schick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schick, M. R., Goldstein, S. C., Nalven, T., & Spillane, N. S. (2021). Alcohol-and drug-related consequences across latent classes of substance use among American Indian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106682.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.014","volume":"128","author":"K Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silva, K., Schrager, S. M., Kecojevic, A., & Lankenau, S. E. (2013). Factors associated with history of non- fatal overdose among young nonmedical users of prescription drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 128, 104\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.014","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1373_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106758","volume":"114","author":"KJ Sittner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sittner, K. J., Hautala, D. S., & Walls, M. L. (2021). Conjoint adolescent developmental trajectories of alcohol and marijuana use and early adult outcomes among North American Indigenous people. Addictive Behaviors, 114, 106758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106758","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.009","volume":"155","author":"LR Stanley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stanley, L. R., & Swaim, R. C. (2015). Initiation of alcohol, marijuana, and inhalant use by American Indian and White youth living on or near reservations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 90\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1373_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918772053","volume":"133","author":"LR Stanley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanley, L. R., & Swaim, R. C. (2018). Latent classes of substance use among American Indian and White students living on or near reservations, 2009\u20132013. Public Health Reports, 133, 432\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918772053","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"1373_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx027","volume":"52","author":"L Strunin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strunin, L., D\u00edaz-Mart\u00ednez, A., D\u00edaz-Mart\u00ednez, L. R., Heeren, T., & Sol\u00eds-Torres, C. (2017). Age of onset, current use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana and current polysubstance use among male and female Mexican students. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 52, 564\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agx027","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"1373_CR73","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014). The TEDS report: Age of substance use initiation among treatment admissions aged 18 to 30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/WebFilesTEDSSR142AgeatInit07-10-14\/TEDS-SR142-AgeatInit-2014.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR74","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2019a). 2019 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) releases. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/release\/2019-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases. Revised 2021. Accessed 15 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR75","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2019b). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/cbhsq-reports\/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018\/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2021."},{"key":"1373_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1181762","volume":"42","author":"L Tingey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tingey, L., Cwik, M. F., Rosenstock, S., Goklish, N., & Barlow, A. (2016). Risk and protective factors for heavy binge alcohol use among American Indian adolescents utilizing emergency health services. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42, 715\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2016.1181762","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1373_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2","volume":"387","author":"G Turecki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turecki, G., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. The Lancet, 387, 1227\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1373_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. The British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218- 235.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcl343","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcl343"},{"key":"1373_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x","volume":"81","author":"M Ungar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"1373_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.07.021","volume":"55","author":"M Ungar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ungar, M. (2012). Researching and theorizing resilience across cultures and contexts. Prevention Medicine, 55, 387\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.07.021","journal-title":"Prevention Medicine"},{"key":"1373_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-016-0462-3","volume":"38","author":"JJ Usera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Usera, J. J. (2017). The efficacy of an American Indian culturally-based risk prevention program for upper elementary school youth residing on the Northern Plains reservations. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38, 175\u2013194.","journal-title":"The Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"key":"1373_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.004","volume":"38","author":"M Walls","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walls, M., Sittner Hartshorn, K. J., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2013). North American Indigenous adolescent substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2103\u20132109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.004","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1373_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0026-2","volume":"43","author":"NR Whitesell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitesell, N. R., Asdigian, N. L., Kaufman, C. E., Big Crow, C., & Mitchell, C. M. (2014). Trajectories of substance use among young American Indian adolescents: Patterns and predictors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 437\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-0026-2","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"1373_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Spicer, P., Manson, S. M., & AI-SuperPFP Team. (2006). Latent class analysis of substance use: Comparison of two American Indian reservation populations and a national sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(1), 32\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.32","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.32"},{"key":"1373_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whitesell, N. R., Beals, J., Big Crow, C., Mitchell, C. M., & Novins, D. K. (2012). Epidemiology and etiology of substance use among American Indian and Alaska Natives: Risk, protection, and implications for prevention. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38, 376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952990.2012.694527","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2012.694527"},{"key":"1373_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Willmon-Haque, S., & BigFoot, D. S. (2008). Violence and the effects of trauma on American Indian and Alaska Native populations. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 8(1-2), 51\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10926790801982410","DOI":"10.1080\/10926790801982410"},{"key":"1373_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wymbs, B. T., McCarty, C. A., Mason, W. A., King, K. M., ... & McCauley, E. (2014). Early adolescent substance use as a risk factor for developing conduct disorder and depression symptoms. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(2), 279\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.269","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.269"},{"key":"1373_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoder, K., Whitbeck, L., Hoyt, D., & LaFromboise, T. (2006). Suicidal ideation amongAmerican Indian youths. Archives of Suicide Research, 10(2), 177-190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811110600558240","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110600558240"},{"key":"1373_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, M., & Stiffman, A.R. (2007). Culture and environment as predictors of alcohol abuse\/dependence symptoms in American Indian youths. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2253\u20132259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.008"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:32:41Z","timestamp":1663666361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01373-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Tribal resolution authorized this study. Human subjects review was provided by the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Institutional Review Board (IRB) and a Reliance Agreement, an authorization agreement for a single IRB review, was established between JHU and NIH. Fort Peck Tribal IRB provided review and approval for this publication. All procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent or assent was obtained from all individual participants and\/or legal guardians of participants to be included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}