{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1793041353291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA040213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA040213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA035464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA035464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA049721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA049721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MH121585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH121585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MH123729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH123729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR001857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T09:05:01Z","timestamp":1660208701000},"page":"1299-1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Training on Use of Stimulant Diversion Prevention Strategies by Pediatric Primary Care Providers: Results from a Cluster-Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"McGuier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kolko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Lindstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha A.","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke S. G.","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"1411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-50","volume":"6","author":"M Amemori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amemori, M., Michie, S., Korhonen, T., Murtomaa, H., & Kinnunen, T. H. (2011). Assessing implementation difficulties in tobacco use prevention and cessation counselling among dental providers. Implementation Science, 6, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-6-50","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1178","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0807","volume":"136","author":"LE Anderson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anderson, L. E., Chen, M. L., Perrin, J. M., & Van Cleave, J. (2015). Outpatient visits and medication prescribing for US children with mental health conditions. Pediatrics, 136, e1178\u2013e1185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-0807","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164939","volume":"40","author":"CJ Armitage","year":"2001","unstructured":"Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466601164939","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"1411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z","volume":"18","author":"K Benson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2015). Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 50\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"1411_CR6","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"1411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0066","volume":"28","author":"NM Colaneri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colaneri, N. M., Keim, S. A., & Adesman, A. (2018). Physician training and qualification to educate patients on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder stimulant diversion and misuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 28, 554\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2017.0066","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716649664","volume":"24","author":"NM Colaneri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colaneri, N. M., Keim, S. A., & Adesman, A. (2020). Physician perceptions of ADHD stimulant diversion and misuse. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24, 290\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054716649664","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"1411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.12.003","volume":"74","author":"NM Colaneri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colaneri, N. M., Keim, S., & Adesman, A. (2017). Physician practices to prevent ADHD stimulant diversion and misuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 74, 26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.12.003","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"1411_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.06.012","volume":"59","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Montano, C. B., Mason, O., Antshel, K. M., & Newcorn, J. H. (2020). Systematic review: Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: Risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59, 100\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.06.012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2012.01.003","volume":"12","author":"CF Garfield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garfield, C. F., Dorsey, E. R., Zhu, S., Huskamp, H. A., Conti, R., Dusetzina, S. B., Higashi, A., Perrin, J. M., Kornfield, R., & Alexander, G. C. (2012). Trends in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ambulatory diagnosis and medical treatment in the United States, 2000\u20132010. Academic Pediatrics, 12, 110\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2012.01.003","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-3-36","volume":"3","author":"G Godin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Godin, G., B\u00e9langer-Gravel, A., Eccles, M., & Grimshaw, J. (2008). Healthcare professionals\u2019 intentions and behaviours: A systematic review of studies based on social cognitive theories. Implementation Science, 3, 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-3-36","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1411_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.08.006","volume":"15","author":"SM Horwitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horwitz, S. M., Storfer-Isser, A., Kerker, B. D., Szilagyi, M., Garner, A., O\u2019Connor, K. G., Hoagwood, K. E., & Stein, R. E. K. (2015). Barriers to the identification and management of psychosocial problems: Changes from 2004 to 2013. Academic Pediatrics, 15, 613\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2015.08.006","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000172","volume":"28","author":"S Lasopa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lasopa, S., Striley, C., & Cottler, L. (2015). Diversion of prescription stimulant drugs among 10\u201318-year-olds. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28, 292\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000172","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"1411_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2020.01.190071","volume":"33","author":"NY Loskutova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loskutova, N. Y., Waterman, J., Callen, E., Staton, E. W., Bullard, E., & Shields, J. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns of health professionals toward medical and non-medical stimulant use by young adults. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 33, 59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2020.01.190071","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine"},{"key":"1411_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01299-4","author":"PA Matson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matson, P. A., Ridenour, T., Ialongo, N., Spoth, R., Prado, G., Hammond, C. J., Hawkins, J. D., & Adger, H. (2021). State of the art in substance use prevention and early intervention: Applications to pediatric primary care settings. Prevention Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-021-01299-4","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1411_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.01.012","volume":"30","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCabe, S. E., & Boyd, C. J. (2005). Sources of prescription drugs for illicit use. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1342\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.01.012","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1411_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120038031","volume":"39","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2004). The use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 1095\u20131116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/JA-120038031","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"1411_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.005","volume":"52","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCabe, S. E., & West, B. T. (2013). Medical and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: Results from a national multicohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 1272\u20131280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1411_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.03.008","volume":"39","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2014). Trends in medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of prescription medications among college students from 2003 to 2013: Connecting the dots. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1176\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.03.008","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1411_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.12.006","volume":"68","author":"EA McGuier","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuier, E. A., Kolko, D. J., Joseph, H. M., Kipp, H. L., Lindstrom, R. A., Pedersen, S. L., Subramaniam, G. A., & Molina, B. S. G. (2021). Use of stimulant diversion prevention strategies in pediatric primary care and associations with provider characteristics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68, 808\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.12.006","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1411_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922810390676","volume":"50","author":"T Meadows","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meadows, T., Valleley, R., Haack, M. K., Thorson, R., & Evans, J. (2011). Physician \u201ccosts\u201d in providing behavioral health in primary care. Clinical Pediatrics, 50, 447\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922810390676","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000923","volume":"42","author":"BSG Molina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Molina, B. S. G., Joseph, H. M., Kipp, H. L., Lindstrom, R. A., Pedersen, S. L., Kolko, D. J., Bauer, D. J., & Subramaniam, G. A. (2021). Adolescents treated for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric primary care: Characterizing risk for stimulant diversion. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42, 540\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000923","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.06.002","volume":"20","author":"BSG Molina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Molina, B. S. G., Kipp, H. L., Joseph, H. M., Engster, S. A., Harty, S. C., Dawkins, M., Lindstrom, R. A., Bauer, D. J., & Bangalore, S. S. (2020). Stimulant diversion risk among college students treated for ADHD: Primary care provider prevention training. Academic Pediatrics, 20, 119\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2019.06.002","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"1411_CR25","unstructured":"Molina, B. S. G., Pedersen, S. L., Joseph, H. M., Kipp, H. L., Kolko, D. J., Lindstrom, R. A., Bauer, D. J., & Subramaniam, G. A. (2022). A cluster-randomized clinical trial to reduce stimulant diversion by adolescents with ADHD treated in pediatric primary care. Manuscript Submitted for Publication."},{"key":"1411_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-25","volume":"9","author":"JS Ostroff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostroff, J. S., Li, Y., & Shelley, D. R. (2014). Dentists United to Extinguish Tobacco (DUET): A study protocol for a cluster randomized, controlled trial for enhancing implementation of clinical practice guidelines for treating tobacco dependence in dental care settings. Implementation Science, 9, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-9-25","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1411_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0879","volume":"33","author":"E Park","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park, E., Eaton, C. A., Goldstein, M. G., DePue, J., Niaura, R., Guadagnoli, E., Gross, N. M., & Dube, C. (2001). The development of a decisional balance measure of physician smoking cessation interventions. Preventive Medicine, 33, 261\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/pmed.2001.0879","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"1411_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.007","volume":"40","author":"S Van Hook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Hook, S., Harris, S. K., Brooks, T., Carey, P., Kossack, R., Kulig, J., & Knight, J. R. (2007). The \u201cSix T\u2019s\u201d: Barriers to screening teens for substance abuse in primary care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 456\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.007","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1411_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815a56f1","volume":"47","author":"TE Wilens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilens, T. E., Adler, L. A., Adams, J., Sgambati, S., Rotrosen, J., Sawtelle, R., Utzinger, L., & Fusillo, S. (2008). Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 21\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815a56f1","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1411_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., Holbrook, J. R., Lehmann, C. U., Lessin, H. R., Okechukwu, K., Pierce, K. L., Winner, J. D., Zurhellen, W., & Subcommittee on Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactive Disorder. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:37:11Z","timestamp":1663666631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01411-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with ethical standards of the institution and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All study procedures and materials were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Dr. Geetha Subramaniam is an employee of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which is the funding agency for the study. She was substantially involved in DA040213, consistent with her role as Scientific Officer; she had no substantial involvement in the other cited grants. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}