{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:54:51Z","timestamp":1785308091839,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-DA039838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-DA039838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DA037902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA037902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-MH020031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-MH020031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1255832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1255832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1665561783000},"page":"493-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimating the Effects of a Complex, Multidimensional Moderator: An Example of Latent Class Moderation to Examine Differential Intervention Effects of Substance Use Services"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany C.","family":"Bray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric K.","family":"Layland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel W.","family":"Stull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Vasilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie T.","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adelman, W. P. (2020). The need to focus research on adolescent cannabis use interventions. Pediatrics, 146(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-012336","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-012336"},{"key":"1448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107991","volume":"212","author":"D Agniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agniel, D., Almirall, D., Burkhart, Q., Grant, S., Hunter, S. B., Pedersen, E. R., & Griffin, B. A. (2020). Identifying optimal level-of-care placement decisions for adolescent substance use treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 212, 107991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107991","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716\u2013723.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"1448_CR4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV. American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"1448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","volume":"21","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asparouhov, T., & Muth\u00e9n, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21, 329\u2013341.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"1448_CR6","unstructured":"Asparouhov, T., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (2021). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model (Mplus Web Notes: No. 21). Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"1448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1790379","volume":"50","author":"RL Bachrach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bachrach, R. L., & Chung, T. (2021). Moderators of substance use disorder treatment for adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50, 498\u2013509.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"1448_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-017-9592-7","volume":"83","author":"Z Bakk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bakk, Z., & Kuha, J. (2018). Two-step estimation of models between latent classes and external variables. Psychometrika, 83, 871\u2013892.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.955104","volume":"23","author":"Z Bakk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bakk, Z., & Vermunt, J. K. (2016). Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23, 20\u201331.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"1448_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-010-0198-x","volume":"14","author":"HS Bloom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bloom, H. S., & Michalopoulos, C. (2013). When is the story in the subgroups? Prevention Science, 14, 179\u2013188.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001","volume":"12","author":"A Bolck","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bolck, A., Croon, M., & Hagenaars, J. (2004). Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators. Political Analysis, 12, 3\u201327.","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"1448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0883-8","volume":"20","author":"BC Bray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bray, B. C., Dziak, J. J., Patrick, M. E., & Lanza, S. T. (2019). Inverse propensity score weighting with a latent class exposure: Estimating the causal effect of reported reasons for alcohol use on problem alcohol use 16 years later. Prevention Science, 20, 394\u2013406.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.935265","volume":"22","author":"BC Bray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bray, B. C., Lanza, S. T., & Tan, X. (2015). Eliminating bias in classify-analyze approaches for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22, 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"1448_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0207-8","volume":"14","author":"CH Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown, C. H., Sloboda, Z., Faggiano, F., Teasdale, B., Keller, F., Burkhart, G., & Wang, W. (2013). Methods for synthesizing findings on moderation effects across multiple randomized trials. Prevention Science, 14, 144\u2013156.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Granholm, E., & Delis, D. C. (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: Effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(2), 164\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04586.x"},{"key":"1448_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098","volume":"13","author":"G Celeux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195\u2013212.","journal-title":"Journal of Classification"},{"key":"1448_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254","volume":"77","author":"M Cerda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cerda, M., Mauro, C., Hamilton, A., Levy, N. S., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Hasin, D., & Martins, S. S. (2020). Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 165\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1448_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.029","volume":"1094","author":"D Cicchetti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D., & Blender, J. A. (2006). A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on resilience: Implications for the developing brain, neural plasticity, and preventive interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 248\u2013258.","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"1448_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clogg, C. (1995). Latent class models: Recent developments and prospects for the future In: Arminger G, Clogg CC, Sobel ME, editors. Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences. In: New York, NY: Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1292-3_6"},{"key":"1448_CR20","volume-title":"Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences","author":"LM Collins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"1"},{"key":"1448_CR21","unstructured":"Conrad, K. J., Conrad, K. M., Dennis, M. L., & Riley, B. B. (2008a). GAIN working papers: Rasch analysis of the behavioral complexity scale. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.chestnut.org\/li\/gain\/psychometric_reports\/gain_working_papers_rasch_analysis_of_the_behavioral_complexity_scale.pdf"},{"key":"1448_CR22","unstructured":"Conrad, K. J., Conrad, K. M., Dennis, M. L., Riley, B. B., & Chan, Y. -F. (2008b). GAIN working papers: Rasch analysis of the crime and violence scale. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.chestnut.org\/li\/gain\/psychometric_reports\/gain_working_papers_rasch_analysis_of_the_crime_and_violence_scale.pdf"},{"key":"1448_CR23","unstructured":"Conrad, K. J., Dennis, M. L., Bezruczko, N., Funk, R. R., & Riley, B. B. (2007). Substance use disorder symptoms: Evidence of differential item functioning by age. Journal of Applied Measurement, 8(4), 373\u2013387. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18250524"},{"key":"1448_CR24","volume-title":"Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention","author":"TJ D'Zurilla","year":"1986","unstructured":"D\u2019Zurilla, T. J. (1986). Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. Springer."},{"key":"1448_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.06.021","volume":"59","author":"JK Das","year":"2016","unstructured":"Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Arshad, A., Finkelstein, Y., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2016). Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: An overview of systematic reviews. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, S61\u2013S75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.06.021","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1448_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472348","volume":"18","author":"G De Leon","year":"1986","unstructured":"De Leon, G., & Jainchill, N. (1986). Circumstance, motivation, readiness and suitability as correlates of treatment tenure. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 18, 203\u2013208.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"1448_CR27","unstructured":"Dennis, M. L. (2010). Global Appraisal of individual needs (GAIN): A standardized biopsychosocial assessment tool. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gaincc.org"},{"key":"1448_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s80","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490601006055","volume":"15","author":"ML Dennis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis, M. L., Chan, Y. F., & Funk, R. R. (2006). Development and validation of the GAIN short screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing and substance use disorders and crime\/violence problems among adolescents and adults. The American Journal on Addictions, 15, s80\u2013s91.","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"1448_CR29","unstructured":"Dennis, M. L., Rourke, K. M., Lennox, R., Campbell, R. S., & Caddell, J. M. (1995). Global appraisal of individual needs: Background and psychometric properties manual (GAIN-B). Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute."},{"key":"1448_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(03)00037-5","volume":"26","author":"ML Dennis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dennis, M. L., Scott, C. K., & Funk, R. R. (2003). An experimental evaluation of recovery management checkups (RMC) for people with chronic substance use disorders. Evaluation and Program Planning, 26, 339\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7189(03)00037-5","journal-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning"},{"key":"1448_CR31","unstructured":"Dennis, M. L., Scott, C. K., Godley, M. D., & Funk, R. R. (1999). Comparisons of adolescents and adults by ASAM profile using GAIN data from the Drug Outcome Monitoring Study (DOMS): Preliminary data tables. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems."},{"key":"1448_CR32","unstructured":"Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale-preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9(1), 13\u201328. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/4682398"},{"key":"1448_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziak, J. J., Bray, B. C., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., & Lanza, S. T. (2016). Comparing the performance of improved classify-analyze approaches for distal outcomes in latent profile analysis. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 12(4), 107\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000114"},{"key":"1448_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0200-2","volume":"14","author":"AD Farrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farrell, A. D., Henry, D. B., & Bettencourt, A. (2013). Methodological challenges examining subgroup differences: Examples from universal school-based youth violence prevention trials. Prevention Science, 14, 121\u2013133.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2008.10399761","volume":"40","author":"BR Garner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garner, B. R., Godley, S. H., & Funk, R. R. (2008). Predictors of early therapeutic alliance among adolescents in substance abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40, 55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2008.10399761","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"1448_CR36","unstructured":"Hanes-Stevens, L., & Dennis, M. L. (2011). Clinical assessment. In P. Ruiz & E. C. Strain (Eds.), Lowinson & Ruiz\u2019s substance abuse: A comprehensive text book (pp. 107\u2013116). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business."},{"key":"1448_CR37","volume-title":"People, places, and things: The effect of social peer groups on drug use and crime among drug treatment clients","author":"KH Harris","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harris, K. H. (1996). People, places, and things: The effect of social peer groups on drug use and crime among drug treatment clients. East Carolina University."},{"key":"1448_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, Y.-Y., Kruger, E. S., Lee Van Horn, M., Tofighi, D., MacKinnon, D. P., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Latent class mediation: A comparison of six approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2020.1771674"},{"key":"1448_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046846.56865.F9","volume":"42","author":"LH Jaycox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jaycox, L. H., Morral, A. R., & Juvonen, J. (2003). Mental health and medical problems and service use among adolescent substance users. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 701\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046846.56865.F9","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1448_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.10.1209","volume":"298","author":"DM Kent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kent, D. M., & Hayward, R. A. (2007). Limitations of applying summary results of clinical trials to individual patients: The need for risk stratification. JAMA, 298, 1209\u20131212.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1448_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-008-9032-0","volume":"35","author":"AC King","year":"2008","unstructured":"King, A. C., Ahn, D. F., Atienza, A. A., & Kraemer, H. C. (2008). Exploring refinements in targeted behavioral medicine intervention to advance public health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 251\u2013260.","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"1448_CR42","volume-title":"TCU psychosocial functioning and motivation scales: Manual on psychometric properties","author":"K Knight","year":"1994","unstructured":"Knight, K., Holcom, M., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). TCU psychosocial functioning and motivation scales: Manual on psychometric properties. Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University."},{"key":"1448_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0201-1","volume":"14","author":"ST Lanza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lanza, S. T., & Rhoades, B. L. (2013). Latent class analysis: An alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prevention Science, 14, 157\u2013168.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2011.02.002","volume":"34","author":"Lanza, S. T., Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., Cox, M., & Family Life Project Key Investigators","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lanza, S. T., Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., Cox, M., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2011). Modeling multiple risks during infancy to predict quality of the caregiving environment: Contributions of a person-centered approach. Infant Behavior and Development, 34, 390\u2013406.","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"1448_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.07.004","volume":"34","author":"G Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin, G., & Copeland, J. (2008). The adolescent cannabis check-up: Randomized trial of a brief intervention for young cannabis users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 407\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.07.004","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"1448_CR46","first-page":"318","volume":"36","author":"GJ McLachlan","year":"1987","unstructured":"McLachlan, G. J. (1987). On bootstrapping the likelihood ratio test statistic for the number of components in a normal mixture. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (applied Statistics), 36, 318\u2013324.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (applied Statistics)"},{"key":"1448_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721182","volume-title":"Finite mixture models","author":"GJ McLachlan","year":"2000","unstructured":"McLachlan, G. J., & Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models. Wiley."},{"key":"1448_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428118770731","volume":"21","author":"MJ McLarnon","year":"2018","unstructured":"McLarnon, M. J., & O\u2019Neill, T. A. (2018). Extensions of auxiliary variable approaches for the investigation of mediation, moderation, and conditional effects in mixture models. Organizational Research Methods, 21, 955\u2013982.","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"1448_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morral, A. R., McCaffrey, D. F., Ridgeway, G., Mukherji, A., & Beighley, C. (2006). The relative effectiveness of 10 adolescent substance abuse treatment programs in the United States. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/technical_reports\/2006\/RAND_TR346.pdf","DOI":"10.7249\/TR346"},{"key":"1448_CR50","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (1998\u20132017). Mplus user\u2019s guide (Eighth ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"1448_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin, D. (2009). Group-based modeling of development: Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0245-0_4"},{"key":"1448_CR52","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide\/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment"},{"key":"1448_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2004.10399725","volume":"36","author":"PD Perry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Perry, P. D., & Duroy, T. L. H. (2004). Adolescent and young adult heroin and non heroin users: A quantitative and qualitative study of experiences in a therapeutic community. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36, 75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2004.10399725","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"1448_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","volume":"6","author":"G Schwarz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461\u2013464.","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"1448_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","volume":"52","author":"SL Sclove","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52, 333\u2013343.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1448_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.30.2.357","volume":"30","author":"DD Simpson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (1993). Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug abuse treatment. Psychotherapy, 30, 357\u2013368.","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"1448_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000586","volume":"14","author":"LR Standeven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Standeven, L. R., Scialli, A., Chisolm, M. S., & Terplan, M. (2020). Trends in cannabis treatment admissions in adolescents\/young adults: Analysis of TEDS-A 1992 to 2016. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14, e29\u2013e36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000586","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"1448_CR58","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP19\u20135068, NSDUH Series H-54). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality."},{"key":"1448_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0335-9","volume":"14","author":"LH Supplee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Supplee, L. H., Kelly, B. C., MacKinnon, D. M., & Barofsky, M. Y. (2013). Introduction to the special issue: Subgroup analysis in prevention and intervention research. Prevention Science, 14, 107\u2013110.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1448_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.05.006","volume":"44","author":"EE Tanner-Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanner-Smith, E. E., Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2013). The comparative effectiveness of outpatient treatment for adolescent substance abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44, 145\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.05.006","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"1448_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.97.s01.7.x","volume":"97","author":"FM Tims","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tims, F. M., Dennis, M. L., Hamilton, N., Buchan, B. J., Diamond, G., Funk, R. R., & Brantley, L. B. (2002). Characteristics and problems of 600 adolescent cannabis abusers in outpatient treatment. Addiction, 97, 46\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.97.s01.7.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1448_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-008-9107-5","volume":"35","author":"JC Titus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Titus, J. C., Dennis, M. L., Lennox, R., & Scott, C. K. (2008). Development and validation of short versions of the internal mental distress and behavior complexity scales in the global appraisal of individual needs (GAIN). The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35, 195\u2013214.","journal-title":"The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"key":"1448_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","volume":"18","author":"JK Vermunt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18, 450\u2013469.","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"1448_CR64","unstructured":"Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2013). LG-Syntax user\u2019s guide: Manual for Latent GOLD 5.0 syntax module. Belmont, MA: Statistical Innovations Inc."},{"key":"1448_CR65","unstructured":"Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2016). Upgrade manual for Latent GOLD 5.1. Belmont, MA: Statistical Innovations Inc."},{"key":"1448_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21760","volume":"33","author":"MJ Weiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weiss, M. J., Bloom, H. S., & Brock, T. (2014). A conceptual framework for studying the sources of variation in program effects. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33, 778\u2013808.","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management"},{"key":"1448_CR67","unstructured":"White, W. L. (1986). Incest in the organizational family. Bloomington, IL: Lighthouse Institute."},{"key":"1448_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.4.224","volume":"59","author":"K Witkiewitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Witkiewitz, K., & Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was Zen, this is Tao. American Psychologist, 59, 224.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"1448_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3202_8","volume":"32","author":"ME Yale","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yale, M. E., Scott, K. G., Gross, M., & Gonzalez, A. (2003). Using developmental epidemiology to choose the target population for an intervention program in a high-risk neighborhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 236\u2013242.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T08:24:42Z","timestamp":1681892682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-022-01448-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data collection protocols for the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chestnut Health Systems; determinations for secondary use of GAIN data were provided by The University of Illinois at Chicago and The Pennsylvania State University. All the procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Where appropriate, informed consent and assent were obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health\u00a0(NIH), or National Science Foundation (NSF). The authors declare that they have no conflicts or competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}