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The objective of this individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis was to explore for whom BIs delivered in general healthcare settings are more or less effective. We examined variability in BI effects by patient age, sex, employment, education, relationship status, and baseline severity of substance use using a two-stage IPD meta-analysis approach. All trials included in a parent aggregate data meta-analysis (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009116) were invited to contribute IPD, and 29 trials provided patient-level data (12,074 participants). Among females, BIs led to significant reductions in binge alcohol consumption (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{g }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>g<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.09, 95% CI [0.03, 0.14]), frequency of alcohol consumption (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{g }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>g<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.10, 95% CI [0.03, 0.17]), and alcohol-related consequences (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{g }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>g<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.16, 95% CI [0.08, 0.25]), as well as greater substance use treatment utilization (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{g }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>g<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.25, 95% CI [0.21, 0.30]). BIs yielded larger reductions in frequency of alcohol consumption at 3-month follow-up for individuals with less than a high school level education (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{g }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>g<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.16, 95% CI [0.09, 0.22]). Given evidence demonstrating modest BI effects on alcohol use and mixed or null findings for BI effects on other drug use, BI research should continue to investigate potential drivers of effect magnitude and variation.\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Protocol registration details:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The protocol for this review was pre-registered in PROSPERO #CRD42018086832 and the analysis plan was pre-registered in OSF:\u00a0osf.io\/m48g6.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-023-01525-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T09:02:32Z","timestamp":1683104552000},"page":"1459-1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigating for Whom Brief Substance Use Interventions Are Most Effective: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L.","family":"Schweer-Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Saitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Tanner-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. 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RS reports personal fees from University of Oregon to support this work. RS also reports non-financial support from Alkermes, personal fees from American Society of Addiction Medicine, American Medical Association, National Council on Behavioral Healthcare, Kaiser Permanente, UpToDate\/Wolters Kluwer, Yale University, National Committee on Quality Assurance, Oregon Health Sciences University, RAND Corporation, Leed Management Consulting\/Harvard Medical School, Partners, Beth Israel\/Deaconess Hospital, American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, Group Health Cooperative, Checkup and Choices, International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INEBRIA) supported via funds from Systembolaget, Smart Recovery, Karolinska Institute, Institute for Research and Training in the Addictions, Medical Malpractice Expert Witness, Charles University, Brandeis University, and Massachusetts Medical Society outside the submitted work; he also reports research consulting to ABT Corporation (not remunerated). RS is an author of primary studies included in this review but was not involved in the data extraction or data analysis of those studies for this review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}