{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:37:52Z","timestamp":1787042272911,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH48043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH48043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH062988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH062988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH117559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH117559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05 MH00797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05 MH00797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05 MH01027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05 MH01027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA016903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA016903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA036523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA036523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA11301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA11301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05 DA15226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05 DA15226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1 DA028248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1 DA028248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DA023026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA023026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD093651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD093651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Education","award":["S184U30002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S184U30002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005269","name":"Center for Substance Abuse Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"B. C. Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute Investigator Grant Award"},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001785","name":"Flinders University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Early preventive interventions can improve outcomes in childhood, but the most effective interventions can continue to deliver benefits through the life course. The Fast Track intervention, a randomized controlled trial for children at risk of conduct problems, has lowered psychopathology, substance use problems, and criminality and elevated happiness at age 25. However, research has not studied whether the intervention\u2019s effects continue further into established adulthood. In addition, little is known about the mechanisms through which the intervention may affect adult outcomes. We attempted to answer both questions by simultaneously estimating the intervention\u2019s direct effect on adult outcomes at age 31 and the intervention\u2019s indirect effects on those outcomes via interpersonal, intrapersonal, and academic competencies gained through the intervention. Participants included the Fast Track intervention (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009445; 72.4% male) and high-risk control samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009446; 66.4% male). Direct and total effects of random assignment to Fast Track on age 31 outcomes were not significant. However, our analyses showed that Fast Track\u2019s improvements to interpersonal and intrapersonal skills in childhood served as catalysts for better life outcomes at age 31. Higher interpersonal skills led to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and substance use problems, reduced criminality and sexual partners, in addition to\u00a0increased general health and full-time employment. Improved intrapersonal skills led to greater strength. There were no significant indirect pathways via academic skills. Our findings inform understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>how<\/jats:italic>\n                    a childhood preventive intervention can improve adjustment and behaviors into established adulthood.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T01:01:54Z","timestamp":1728608514000},"page":"667-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fast Track Intervention Effects and Mechanisms of Action Through Established Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"George","family":"McCabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Andrew","family":"Rothenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Goulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Lansford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Bierman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Coie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Max","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Lochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Pinderhughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1736_CR1","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry."},{"key":"1736_CR2","volume-title":"Manual for the young adult self-report and young adult behavior checklist","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. (1997). Manual for the young adult self-report and young adult behavior checklist. University of Vermont."},{"key":"1736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adams, K., Riddles, J. J., Rowley, E. A. K., Grannis, S. J., Gaglani, M., Fireman, B., Hartmann, E., Naleway, A. L., Stenehjem, E., Hughes, A., Dalton, A. F., Natarajan, K., Dascomb, K., Raiyani, C., Irving, S. A., Sloan-Aagard, C., Kharbanda, A. B., DeSilva, M. B., Dixon, B. E., Ong, T. C., \u2026, Tenforde, M. W. (2023). Number needed to vaccinate with a COVID-19 booster to prevent a COVID-19-associated hospitalization during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant predominance, December 2021-February 2022, VISION Network: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Regional Health. Americas, 23, 100530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100530"},{"issue":"8","key":"1736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20200224","volume":"112","author":"Y Algan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Algan, Y., Beasley, E., C\u00f4t\u00e9, S., Park, J., Tremblay, R. E., & Vitaro, F. (2022). The impact of childhood social skills and self-control training on economic and noneconomic outcomes: Evidence from a randomized experiment using administrative data. American Economic Review, 112(8), 2553\u20132579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20200224","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"1736_CR5","unstructured":"Bierman, K. L., Greenberg, M. T., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., & McMahon, R. J. (2017). Social and emotional skills training for children: The Fast Track Friendship Group Manual. Guilford Press."},{"key":"1736_CR6","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2002). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, 1997\u20132001. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics."},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.3.394","volume":"38","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Capaldi, D. M., Stoolmiller, M., Clark, S., & Owen, L. D. (2002). Heterosexual risk behaviors in at-risk young men from early adolescence to young adulthood: Prevalence, prediction, and association with STD contraction. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 394\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.38.3.394","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128715597694","volume":"63","author":"JK Cochran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cochran, J. K., Maskaly, J., Jones, S., & Sellers, C. S. (2017). Using structural equations to model Akers\u2019 social learning theory with data on intimate partner violence. Crime & Delinquency, 63(1), 39\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128715597694","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"1736_CR9","unstructured":"Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development, Vol. 3, 5th ed (pp. 779\u2013862). John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"1736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12043","volume":"66","author":"BE Compas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Dunbar, J. P., Watson, K. H., Bettis, A. H., Gruhn, M. A., & Williams, E. K. (2014). Coping and emotion regulation from childhood to early adulthood: Points of convergence and divergence. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajpy.12043","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31813e5d39","volume":"46","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2007). Fast Track randomized controlled trial to prevent externalizing psychiatric disorders: Findings from grades 3 to 9. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(10), 1250\u20131262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e31813e5d39","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004855","volume":"4","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","year":"1992","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1992). A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorders: The FAST Track Program. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 509\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400004855","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3304_1","volume":"33","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2004). The effects of the Fast Track program on serious problem outcomes at the end of elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 650\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3304_1","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-010-9091-7","volume":"6","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group","year":"2010","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010). Fast Track intervention effects on youth arrests and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(2), 131\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11292-010-9091-7","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Criminology"},{"key":"1736_CR15","unstructured":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2020). The Fast Track program for children at risk: Preventing antisocial behavior. Guilford Press.\u00a0Author."},{"key":"1736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315668055","volume-title":"Peer pressure, peer prevention: The role of friends in crime and conformity","author":"BJ Costello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costello, B. J., & Hope, T. L. (2016). Peer pressure, peer prevention: The role of friends in crime and conformity. Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060786","volume":"172","author":"KA Dodge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dodge, K. A., Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Greenberg, M. T., Lochman, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2015). Impact of early intervention on psychopathology, crime, and well-being at age 25. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060786","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020659","volume":"46","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1159\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020659","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.001","volume":"92","author":"KE Fothergill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Crum, R. M., Robertson, J., & Juon, H.-S. (2008). The impact of early school behavior and educational achievement on adult drug use disorders: A prospective study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1), 191\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"50","key":"1736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","volume":"117","author":"JW Godwin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godwin, J. W., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2020). The Fast Track intervention\u2019s impact on behaviors of despair in adolescence and young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(50), 31748\u201331753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2016234117","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13837","volume":"65","author":"N Goulter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goulter, N., Hur, Y. S., Jones, D. E., Godwin, J., McMahon, R. J., Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Lochman, J. E., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Crowley, D. M. (2023). Kindergarten conduct problems are associated with monetized outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 65(3), 328\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13837","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry"},{"key":"1736_CR22","unstructured":"Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2011). Grade level PATHS (Grades 3\u20134). Channing-Bete."},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840701604412","volume":"42","author":"W Groot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Groot, W., & van den Brink, H. M. (2010). The effects of education on crime. Applied Economics, 42(3), 279\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00036840701604412","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360","volume":"76","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03637750903310360","journal-title":"Communication Monographs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80034-9","volume":"31","author":"A Holtzworth-Munroe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Rehman, U., & Herron, K. (2000). General and spouse-specific anger and hostility in subtypes of maritally violent men and nonviolent men. Behavior Therapy, 31(4), 603\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80034-9","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"1736_CR26","unstructured":"Howe, D., & Frazis, D. (1992). What researchers have learned from the National Longitudinal Surveys about Youth Unemployment (no. 828). US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics."},{"key":"1736_CR27","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Alcohol use disorders: A developmental science approach to etiology","author":"AM Hussong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussong, A. M., Rothenberg, W. A., Smith, R. K., & Haroon, M. (2018). Implications of heterogeneity in alcohol use disorders for understanding developmental pathways and prevention programming. In H. E. Fitzgerald & L. I. Puttler (Eds.), Alcohol use disorders: A developmental science approach to etiology (pp. 30\u201348). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"11","key":"1736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302630","volume":"105","author":"DE Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283\u20132290.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9537-z","volume":"39","author":"SJ Katz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katz, S. J., Conway, C. C., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2011). Childhood social withdrawal, interpersonal impairment, and young adult depression: A mediational model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1227\u20131238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9537-z","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001039","volume":"37","author":"JE Lansford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J., Copeland, W. E., Dodge, K. A., Odgers, C. L., Rothenberg, W. A., Rybi\u0144ska, A., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2023). Fast Track intervention effects on family formation. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(1), 54\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0001039","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026595011371","volume":"1","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Science, 1(4), 173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026595011371","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","volume":"39","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2004","unstructured":"MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"1736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000600","volume":"75","author":"CM Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta, C. M., Arnett, J. J., Palmer, C. G., & Nelson, L. J. (2020). Established adulthood: A new conception of ages 30 to 45. American Psychologist, 75, 431\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000600","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0875-8","volume":"15","author":"D Mendes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mendes, D., Alves, C., & Batel-Marques, F. (2017). Number needed to treat (NNT) in clinical literature: An appraisal. BMC Medicine, 15(1), 112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-017-0875-8","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"1736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMahon, R. J., Slough, N., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1996). Family-based intervention in the fast track program. In R. DeV & Peters & R. J. McMahon, (Eds.), Preventing childhood disorders, substanceuse, and delinquency (pp. 90\u2013110). Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483327679.n5"},{"issue":"7","key":"1736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010076108","volume":"108","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693\u20132698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1010076108","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"1736_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Biosocial Theories of Crime (2017): 68\u201396. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315096278-3"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004302","volume":"5","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moffitt, T. E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5(1\u20132), 135\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400004302","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"1736_CR39","unstructured":"Muth\u00b4en, B. O., & Muth\u00b4en, L. K. (2021). Mplus version 8: User\u2019s guide. Authors.\u00a0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.4.476","volume":"64","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Poulton, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Moffitt, T. E. (2007). Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(4), 476\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.64.4.476","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"1736_CR41","unstructured":"Oyserman, D. (2000). School-to-Jobs facilitators manual: After-school program. University of Michigan."},{"issue":"7","key":"1736_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612466268","volume":"24","author":"SJ Ritchie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ritchie, S. J., & Bates, T. C. (2013). Enduring links from childhood mathematics and reading achievement to adult socioeconomic status. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1301\u20131308.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000227","volume":"146","author":"DA Robson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robson, D. A., Allen, M. S., & Howard, S. J. (2020). Self-regulation in childhood as a predictor of future outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(4), 324\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000227","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"1736_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13648","volume":"64","author":"WA Rothenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J. W., Dodge, K. A., Copeland, W. E., Odgers, C. L., McMahon, R. J., Goulter, N., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2023). Intergenerational effects of the Fast Track intervention on the home environment: A randomized control trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(5), 820\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13648","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1736_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220927","volume":"181","author":"WA Rothenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J. W., Dodge, K. A., Copeland, W. E., Odgers, C. L., McMahon, R. J., Rybinska, A., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2024). Intergenerational effects of the Fast Track intervention on next-generation child outcomes: A pre-registered randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 181(3), 213\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220927","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"1736_CR46","volume-title":"Statistical analysis withmissing data","author":"DB Rubin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rubin, D. B., & Little, R. J. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley."},{"key":"1736_CR47","unstructured":"Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and Well-Being. Free Press.\u00a0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","volume":"7","author":"PE Shrout","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/00131644211003261","volume":"82","author":"M Sim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sim, M., Kim, S. Y., & Suh, Y. (2022). Sample size requirements for simple and complex mediation models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 82(1), 76\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00131644211003261","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1736_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., de Pablo, G. S., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2022). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 281\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1736_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12467","volume":"87","author":"LC Sorensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sorensen, L. C., Dodge, K. A., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2016). How does the Fast Track intervention prevent adverse outcomes in young adulthood? Child Development, 87(2), 429\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12467","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"1736_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","volume":"41","author":"M Straus","year":"1979","unstructured":"Straus, M. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage andthe Family"},{"issue":"6","key":"1736_CR53","first-page":"473","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473\u2013483.","journal-title":"Conceptualframework and item selection. Medical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1736_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00937993","volume":"19","author":"L Werthamer-Larsson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S. G., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effects of first grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19(4), 585\u2013602.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T05:50:46Z","timestamp":1751262646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01736-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Duke University Institutional Research Board and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Legal guardians provided consent and participants assented to procedures.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"Drs. Bierman, Coie, Dodge, Greenberg, Lochman, McMahon, and Pinderhughes are the Principal Investigators on the Fast Track Project who have a publishing agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. Royalties from that agreement are donated to a professional organization. They are also authors of the PATHS curriculum and donate all royalties from PATHS Program LLC. to a professional organization. Dr. Greenberg is a developer of the PATHS curriculum and has a separate royalty agreement with PATHS Program LLC. Bierman, Coie, Dodge, Greenberg, Lochman, and McMahon are the developers of the Fast Track curriculum and have a publishing and royalty agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. McMahon is a coauthor of\n                      Helping the Noncompliant Child\n                      and has a royalty agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. Dr. Crowley has no conflicts.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}