{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:02:49Z","timestamp":1782187369217,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37CA225690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA225690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA015183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA015183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA044522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA044522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T17:04:46Z","timestamp":1732640686000},"page":"1298-1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["General and Specific Risk and Protective Factors for Cigarette and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Use"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3113-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max A.","family":"Halvorson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Caouette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Danzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Karryn","family":"Satchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Oesterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Kuklinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aladeokin, A., & Haighton, C. (2019). Is adolescent e-cigarette use associated with smoking in the United Kingdom?: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Tobacco Prevention and Cessation, 5(15). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tpc\/108553","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/108553"},{"issue":"2","key":"1752_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x","volume":"1","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1752_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.002","volume":"118","author":"JA Bailey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bailey, J. A., Hill, K. G., Meacham, M. C., Young, S. E., & Hawkins, J. D. (2011). Strategies for characterizing complex phenotypes and environments: General and specific family environmental predictors of young adult tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder, and co-occurring problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2\u20133), 444\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.002","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.05.026","volume":"68","author":"K Bentivegna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bentivegna, K., Atuegwu, N. C., Oncken, C., DiFranza, J. R., & Mortensen, E. M. (2021). Electronic cigarettes associated with incident and polysubstance use among youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(1), 123\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.05.026","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1752_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.002","volume":"91","author":"FR Carey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carey, F. R., Rogers, S. M., Cohn, E. A., Harrell, M. B., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2019). Understanding susceptibility to e-cigarettes: A comprehensive model of risk factors that influence the transition from non-susceptible to susceptible among e-cigarette na\u00efve adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 91, 68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.002","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1752_CR6","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Delinquency and crime: Current theories","author":"RF Catalano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149\u2013197). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"1752_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Economic trends in tobacco. cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/economics\/econ_facts\/index.htm"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp280308","volume":"28","author":"D Cicchetti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1999). Psychopathology as risk for adolescent substance use disorders: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(3), 355\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15374424jccp280308","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx284","volume":"21","author":"L Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins, L., Glasser, A. M., Abudayyeh, H., Pearson, J. L., & Villanti, A. C. (2019). E-cigarette marketing and communication: How e-cigarette companies market e-cigarettes and the public engages with e-cigarette information. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 21(1), 14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntx284","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"key":"1752_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Health and Medicine Division, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, K. Stratton, L. Y. Kwan, & D. L. Eaton, Eds. (2018). Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/24952","DOI":"10.17226\/24952"},{"issue":"46","key":"1752_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a4","volume":"69","author":"ME Cornelius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cornelius, M. E., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., Loretan, C. G., & Neff, L. J. (2020). Tobacco product use among adults\u2014United States, 2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(46), 1736\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a4","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"21","key":"1752_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18387","volume":"322","author":"KA Cullen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cullen, K. A., Gentzke, A. S., Sawdey, M. D., Chang, J. T., Anic, G. M., Wang, T. W., Creamer, M. R., Jamal, A., Ambrose, B. K., & King, B. A. (2019). E-cigarette use among youth in the United States, 2019. JAMA, 322(21), 2095\u20132103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.18387","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1752_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195307733.001.0001","author":"DC Daley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Daley, D. C., & Marlatt, G. A. (2006). Overcoming your alcohol or drug problem: Effective recovery strategies, therapist guide. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195307733.001.0001","journal-title":"Oxford University Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x","volume":"69","author":"GH Elder","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"1752_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029309","volume":"49","author":"M Epstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein, M., Hill, K. G., Bailey, J. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (2013). The effect of general and drug-specific family environments on comorbid and drug-specific problem behavior: A longitudinal examination. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1151\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029309","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1752_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15317","volume":"116","author":"M Epstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Epstein, M., Bailey, J. A., Kosterman, R., Rhew, I. C., Furlong, M., Oesterle, S., & McCabe, S. E. (2021). E-cigarette use is associated with subsequent cigarette use among young adult non-smokers, over and above a range of antecedent risk factors: A propensity score analysis. Addiction, 116(5), 1224\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15317","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"1752_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.04.007","volume":"34","author":"ZAK Frosch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frosch, Z. A. K., Dierker, L. C., Rose, J. S., & Waldinger, R. J. (2009). Smoking trajectories, health, and mortality across the adult lifespan. Addictive Behaviors, 34(8), 701\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.04.007","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1752_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790942","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"A Gelman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006). Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa037","volume":"23","author":"PA Gilbert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilbert, P. A., Kava, C. M., & Afifi, R. (2021). High-school students rarely use e-cigarettes alone: A sociodemographic analysis of polysubstance use among adolescents in the United States. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 23(3), 505\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa037","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"1752_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty103","volume":"21","author":"A Glasser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glasser, A., Abudayyeh, H., Cantrell, J., & Niaura, R. (2019). Patterns of e-cigarette use among youth and young adults: Review of the impact of e-cigarettes on cigarette smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 21(10), 1320\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/nty103","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"key":"1752_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.03.006","volume":"74","author":"R Hanewinkel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanewinkel, R., & Isensee, B. (2015). Risk factors for e-cigarette, conventional cigarette, and dual use in German adolescents: A cohort study. Preventive Medicine, 74, 59\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.03.006","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1752_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.183","volume":"166","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. D. (2012). Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities That Care prevention system in a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166(2), 141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.183","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.64","volume":"112","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.64","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.3.226","volume":"153","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153(3), 226\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.153.3.226","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.1.25","volume":"159","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. D., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2005). Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: Long-term effects from the Seattle Social Development Project. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(1), 25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.159.1.25","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.022","volume":"43","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Early effects of Communities That Care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.022","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"1752_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hyland, A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Lambert, E., Carusi, C., Taylor, K., Crosse, S., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Abrams, D., Pierce, J. P., Sargent, J., Messer, K., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R., Vallone, D., Hammond, D., Hilmi, N., \u2026 Compton, W. M. (2017). Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Tobacco Control, 26(4), 371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157","volume":"4","author":"WG Iacono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2008). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: Common and specific influences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 325\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308383","volume":"370","author":"P Jha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1308383","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"1752_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz157","volume":"22","author":"S Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, S., & Selya, A. S. (2020). The relationship between electronic cigarette use and conventional cigarette smoking is largely attributable to shared risk factors. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 22(7), 1123\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntz157","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"key":"1752_CR32","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (1998). Structural equation modeling. Guilford."},{"key":"1752_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108940","volume":"227","author":"R Kosterman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosterman, R., Epstein, M., Bailey, J. A., Furlong, M., & Hawkins, J. D. (2021). The role of electronic cigarette use for quitting or reducing combustible cigarette use in the 30s: Longitudinal changes and moderated relationships. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 227, 108940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108940","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1752_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.02.026","volume":"82","author":"E Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon, E., Seo, D.-C., Lin, H.-C., & Chen, Z. (2018). Predictors of youth e-cigarette use susceptibility in a U.S. nationally representative sample. Addictive Behaviors, 82, 79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.02.026","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.9.1.47","volume":"9","author":"PM Lantz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lantz, P. M., Jacobson, P. D., Warner, K. E., Wasserman, J., Pollack, H. A., Berson, J., & Ahlstrom, A. (2000). Investing in youth tobacco control: A review of smoking prevention and control strategies. Tobacco Control, 9(1), 47\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.9.1.47","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"1752_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.01.006","volume":"64","author":"JA Livingston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Livingston, J. A., Chen, C.-H., Kwon, M., & Park, E. (2022). Physical and mental health outcomes associated with adolescent E-cigarette use. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 64, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.01.006","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"1752_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1388372","volume":"26","author":"M Maglia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maglia, M., Caponnetto, P., Di Piazza, J., La Torre, D., & Polosa, R. (2018). Dual use of electronic cigarettes and classic cigarettes: A systematic review. Addiction Research and Theory, 26(4), 330\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16066359.2017.1388372","journal-title":"Addiction Research and Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01737-5","volume":"22","author":"P Marques","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marques, P., Piqueras, L., & Sanz, M.-J. (2021). An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respiratory Research, 22(1), 151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-021-01737-5","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12966","volume":"49","author":"S Patil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patil, S., Arakeri, G., Patil, S., Ali Baeshen, H., Raj, T., Sarode, S. C., Sarode, G. S., Awan, K. H., Gomez, R., & Brennan, P. A. (2020). Are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) helping cigarette smokers quit?\u2014Current evidence. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, 49(3), 181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jop.12966","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine"},{"key":"1752_CR40","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"issue":"2","key":"1752_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5\u201312 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"1752_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.027","volume":"91","author":"MD Sawdey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sawdey, M. D., Day, H. R., Coleman, B., Gardner, L. D., Johnson, S. E., Limpert, J., Hammad, H. T., Goniewicz, M. L., Abrams, D. B., Stanton, C. A., Pearson, J. L., Kaufman, A. R., Kimmel, H. L., Delnevo, C. D., Compton, W. M., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R. S., Hyland, A., & Ambrose, B. K. (2019). Associations of risk factors of e-cigarette and cigarette use and susceptibility to use among baseline PATH study youth participants (2013\u20132014). Addictive Behaviors, 91, 51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.027","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac119","volume":"25","author":"CA Stanton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stanton, C. A., Tang, Z., Sharma, E., Seaman, E., Gardner, L. D., Silveira, M. L., Hatsukami, D., Day, H. R., Cummings, K. M., Goniewicz, M. L., Limpert, J., Everard, C., Bansal-Travers, M., Ambrose, B., Kimmel, H. L., Borek, N., Compton, W. M., Hyland, A. J., & Pearson, J. L. (2023). Predictors of e-cigarette and cigarette use trajectory classes from early adolescence to emerging adulthood across four years (2013\u20132017) of the PATH Study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 25(3), 421\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntac119","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"1752_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.014","volume":"37","author":"AL Stone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stone, A. L., Becker, L. G., Huber, A. M., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 747\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.014","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006976","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006976","volume":"5","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, R. E., McLellan, J., & Perera, R. (2015). Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal Open, 5(3), e006976\u2013e006976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006976","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1752_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v11n03_01","volume":"11","author":"NS Tobler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tobler, N. S. (1992). Drug prevention programs can work: Research findings. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 11(3), 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J069v11n03_01","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"1752_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.7.4.409","volume":"7","author":"SL Tyas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tyas, S. L., & Pederson, L. L. (1998). Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature. Tobacco Control, 7(4), 409\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.7.4.409","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"1752_CR48","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Results from the Annual National Youth Tobacco Survey. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/tobacco-products\/youth-and-tobacco\/results-annual-national-youth-tobacco-survey"},{"issue":"43","key":"1752_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L. D., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., & Hester, J. (2019). Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901815","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01815-2019","volume":"57","author":"TA Wills","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wills, T. A., Soneji, S. S., Choi, K., Jaspers, I., & Tam, E. K. (2021). E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: An integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. European Respiratory Journal, 57(1), 1901815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01815-2019","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"1752_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx212","volume":"20","author":"JM Wray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wray, J. M., Funderburk, J. S., Acker, J. D., Wray, L. O., & Maisto, S. A. (2018). A meta-analysis of brief tobacco interventions for use in integrated primary care. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 20(12), 1418\u20131426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntx212","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T21:13:27Z","timestamp":1734470007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-024-01752-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research protocols involving human participants were approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (protocol #00005372) and were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Consent was first obtained from parents of study participants in Grade 5 or Grade 6, and as participants grew older, participant consent was given at each subsequent wave by study participants themselves.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}