{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1776766229224,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR003167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR003167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01HL151817-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01HL151817-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Understanding causal mechanisms for implementation strategies is a priority for implementation and health promotion research. Logic models are helpful for understanding and illustrating mechanisms through which implementation strategies operate. Little guidance exists for developing logic models for existing implementation strategies. We demonstrate how to use Implementation Mapping (IM) in a retrospective manner to develop an IMap Logic Model for a social-emotional learning program implemented at Boys &amp; Girls Clubs of Greater Houston (BGCGH). To inform logic model development, we used qualitative interview data (from implementers) and conversations with program organizers. To develop the logic model, we specified the most accessible information, beginning with the program and health-related outcomes. We then specified the implementation strategies and implementation outcomes, followed by change methods (i.e., theoretical techniques that influence positive change in determinants), practical applications (i.e., specific techniques for operationalizing change methods), and determinants (factors that influence implementation) and other contextual factors. The effectiveness outcomes for the program were to improve emotion regulation and social skills among youth. Clinician implementers delivered the program and BGCGH club directors and staff supported delivery. The implementation strategies were (1) group leader trainings; (2) implementation guide; (3) BGCGH staff training; (4) needs assessments (via site visits); (5) follow-up meetings; and (6) pilot program check-in meetings. Collectively, the strategies used various practical applications (e.g., scenario discussions, reviewing procedures) to operationalize change methods (e.g., active learning, participatory problem solving) to address determinants (e.g., knowledge, interorganizational relationships). The strategy set out to improve implementation behaviors (e.g., delivering program components as prescribed) and implementation outcomes (e.g., fidelity). The developed IMap Logic Model can be used to inform implementation evaluation efforts by helping identify outcomes, mediators, and moderators. The logic model can also be used to identify gaps that, if addressed, can help ongoing implementation and scale-up efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:18:54Z","timestamp":1740143934000},"page":"161-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identifying Mechanisms of Action for Implementation Strategies Using a Retrospective Implementation Mapping Logic Model Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Funlola","family":"Are","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kempson","family":"Onadeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma E.","family":"Saving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-023-00532-1","volume":"4","author":"LE Balis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balis, L. E., & Houghtaling, B. (2023). Matching barriers and facilitators to implementation strategies: Recommendations for community settings. Implementation Science Communications, 4(1), 144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43058-023-00532-1","journal-title":"Implementation Science Communications"},{"key":"1790_CR2","unstructured":"Boys & Girls Clubs of America. (2022).\u00a0BGCA at a glance fact sheet 2022.\u00a0Retrieved March 19, 2024, from\u00a0https:\/\/www.bgca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/2022-At-a-Glance-Factsheet_FINAL.pdf.\u00a0"},{"key":"1790_CR3","unstructured":"Boys & Girls Clubs. (2023).\u00a0Our commitment to safety.\u00a0Retrieved March 19, 2024, from\u00a0https:\/\/www.bgcgh.org\/safety\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0357-3","volume":"10","author":"AL Brewster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brewster, A. L., Curry, L. A., Cherlin, E. J., Talbert-Slagle, K., Horwitz, L. I., & Bradley, E. H. (2015). Integrating new practices: A qualitative study of how hospital innovations become routine. Implementation Science, 10(1), 168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-015-0357-3","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR5","volume-title":"Merrell\u2019s Strong Kids\u2014Grades 3\u20135: A social and emotional learning curriculum","author":"D Carrizales-Engelmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carrizales-Engelmann, D., Feuerborn, L. L., Gueldner, B. A., & Tran, O. K. (2016). Merrell\u2019s Strong Kids\u2014Grades 3\u20135: A social and emotional learning curriculum (2nd ed.). Brookes Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1790_CR6","volume-title":"Merrell\u2019s Strong Kids\u2014Grades 6\u20138: A social and emotional learning curriculum","author":"D Carrizales-Engelmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carrizales-Engelmann, D., Feuerborn, L. L., Gueldner, B. A., & Tran, O. K. (2016). Merrell\u2019s Strong Kids\u2014Grades 6\u20138: A social and emotional learning curriculum (2nd ed.). Brookes Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1790_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-01017-1","volume":"20","author":"CR Cook","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cook, C. R., Lyon, A. R., Locke, J., Waltz, T., & Powell, B. J. (2019). Adapting a compilation of implementation strategies to advance school-based implementation research and practice. Prevention Science, 20, 914\u2013935.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","volume":"4","author":"LJ Damschroder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR9","volume-title":"Planning health promotion programs: An intervention mapping approach","author":"LKB Eldredge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eldredge, L. K. B., et al. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: An intervention mapping approach. Wiley."},{"key":"1790_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-01048-8","volume":"20","author":"AA Fagan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fagan, A. A., Bumbarger, B. K., Barth, R. P., Bradshaw, C. P., Cooper, B. R., Supplee, L. H., & Walker, D. K. (2019). Scaling up evidence-based interventions in US public systems to prevent behavioral health problems: Challenges and opportunities. Prevention Science, 20, 1147\u20131168.","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, M. E., ten Hoor, G. A., van Lieshout, S., Rodriguez, S. A., Beidas, R. S., Parcel, G., et al. (2019). Implementation mapping: Using intervention mapping to develop implementation strategies.\u00a0Frontiers in Public Health,\u00a07\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/public-health\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00158. Accessed 18 Jun 2019.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00158"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003918","volume":"19","author":"EH Geng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng, E. H., Baumann, A. A., & Powell, B. J. (2022). Mechanism mapping to advance research on implementation strategies. PLoS Medicine, 19(2), e1003918.","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"1790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112516","volume":"280","author":"AB Hamilton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamilton, A. B., & Finley, E. P. (2019). Qualitative methods in implementation research: An introduction. Psychiatry Research, 280, 112516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112516","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"1790_CR14","unstructured":"Hamilton, A. (2013). Qualitative methods in rapid turn-around health services research.\u00a0Health Services Research & Development Cyberseminar\u00a011,\u00a02023\u201303."},{"issue":"3","key":"1790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2010.495903","volume":"26","author":"JE Harlacher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harlacher, J. E., & Merrell, K. W. (2010). Social and emotional learning as a universal level of student support: Evaluating the follow-up effect of Strong Kids on social and emotional outcomes. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26(3), 212\u2013229.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied School Psychology"},{"key":"1790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, E., & Foster, E. R. (2022). Use of implementation mapping with community-based participatory research: Development of implementation strategies of a new goal setting and goal management intervention system.\u00a0Frontiers in Public Health,\u00a010,\u00a0834473. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/public-health\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.834473. Accessed 10 May 2022.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.834473"},{"key":"1790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilbourne, A. M., Geng, E., Eshun-Wilson, I., Sweeney, S., Shelley, D., Cohen, D. J.,\u00a0Kirchner, J. E., Fernandez, M. E., & Parchman, M. L. (2023). How does facilitation in healthcare work? Using mechanism mapping to illuminate the black box of a meta-implementation strategy. Implementation science communications, 4(1), 53.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-023-00435-1"},{"key":"1790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klasnja, P., Meza, R. D., Pullmann, M. D., Mettert, K. D., Hawkes, R., Palazzo, L., Weiner B. J., & Lewis, C. C. (2024). Getting cozy with causality: Advances to the causal pathway diagramming method to enhance implementation precision. Implementation Research and Practice, 5,\u00a01\u201314.","DOI":"10.1177\/26334895241248851"},{"issue":"3","key":"1790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155","volume":"10","author":"G Kok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G. Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., et al. (2016). A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: An intervention mapping approach. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 297\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155","journal-title":"Health Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-024-01397-1","volume":"19","author":"CP Kowalski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kowalski, C. P., Nevedal, A. L., Finley, E. P., Young, J. P., Lewinski, A. A., Midboe, A. M., & Hamilton, A. B. (2024). Planning for and Assessing Rigor in Rapid Qualitative Analysis (PARRQA): A consensus-based framework for designing, conducting, and reporting. Implementation Science, 19(1), 71.","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00136","volume":"6","author":"CC Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis, C. C., Klasnja, P., Powell, B. J., Lyon, A. R., Tuzzio, L., Jones, S., et al. (2018). From classification to causality: Advancing understanding of mechanisms of change in implementation science. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00136","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-00983-3","volume":"15","author":"CC Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis, C. C., Boyd, M. R., Walsh-Bailey, C., Lyon, A. R., Beidas, R., Mittman, B., et al. (2020). A systematic review of empirical studies examining mechanisms of implementation in health. Implementation Science, 15(1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-020-00983-3","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, C. C., Frank, H. E., Cruden, G., Kim, B., Stahmer, A. C., Lyon, A. R.,\u00a0Albers, B., Aarons, G. A., Beidas, R. S., Mittman, B. S., & Weiner, B. J.\u00a0(2024). A research agenda to advance the study of implementation mechanisms. Implementation Science Communications, 5(1), 98.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-024-00633-5"},{"key":"1790_CR24","first-page":"169","volume-title":"How individuals, environments, and health behaviors interact: Social cognitive theory","author":"AL McAlister","year":"2008","unstructured":"McAlister, A. L., Perry, C. L., & Parcel, G. S. (2008). How individuals, environments, and health behaviors interact: Social cognitive theory (pp. 169\u2013188). Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20451","volume":"47","author":"KW Merrell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merrell, K. W. (2010). Linking prevention science and social and emotional learning: The Oregon Resiliency Project. Psychology in the Schools, 47(1), 55\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/15377900802089981","volume":"24","author":"KW Merrell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merrell, K. W., Juskelis, M. P., Tran, O. K., & Buchanan, R. (2008). Social and emotional learning in the classroom: Evaluation of Strong Kids and Strong Teens on students\u2019 social-emotional knowledge and symptoms. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 24(2), 209\u2013224.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied School Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1375091","volume":"24","author":"A Moser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 9\u201318.","journal-title":"European Journal of General Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"1790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2000.tb06468.x","volume":"70","author":"JW Payton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Payton, J. W., Wardlaw, D. M., Graczyk, P. A., Bloodworth, M. R., Tompsett, C. J., & Weissberg, R. P. (2000). Social and emotional learning\u202f: A framework for promoting mental health and reducing risk behaviors in children and youth. Journal of School Health, 70(5), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"1790_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4818-7","volume":"34","author":"M Perez Jolles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez Jolles, M., Lengnick-Hall, R., & Mittman, B. S. (2019). Core functions and forms of complex health interventions: A patient-centered medical home illustration. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34, 1032\u20131038.","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731513505778","volume":"24","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powell, B. J., Proctor, E. K., & Glass, J. E. (2014). A systematic review of strategies for implementing empirically supported mental health interventions. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(2), 192\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731513505778","journal-title":"Research on Social Work Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0209-1","volume":"10","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Powell, B. J., Waltz, T. J., Chinman, M. J., Damschroder, L. J., Smith, J. L., Matthieu, M. M., et al. (2015). A refined compilation of implementation strategies: Results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implementation Science, 10(1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-015-0209-1","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00003","volume":"7","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powell, B. J., Fernandez, M. E., Williams, N. J., Aarons, G. A., Beidas, R. S., Lewis, C. C., et al. (2019). Enhancing the impact of implementation strategies in healthcare: A research agenda. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00003","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","volume":"38","author":"E Proctor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proctor, E., Silmere, H., Raghavan, R., Hovmand, P., Aarons, G., Bunger, A., et al. (2011). Outcomes for implementation research: Conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 38(2), 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-8-139","volume":"8","author":"EK Proctor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proctor, E. K., Powell, B. J., & McMillen, J. C. (2013). Implementation strategies: Recommendations for specifying and reporting. Implementation Science, 8(1), 139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-8-139","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507100205","volume":"71","author":"V Richardson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richardson, V. (2005). Qualitative studies in special education. Council for Exceptional Children, 71(2), 195\u2013207.","journal-title":"Council for Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"1790_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21698","volume":"43","author":"JP Scaccia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scaccia, J. P., Cook, B. S., Lamont, A., Wandersman, A., Castellow, J., Katz, J., et al. (2015). A practical implementation science heuristic for organizational readiness: R = MC(2). Journal of Community Psychology, 43(4), 484\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.21698","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"1790_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836552","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.836552","volume":"10","author":"M Schultes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schultes, M., Albers, B., Caci, L., Nyantakyi, E., & Clack, L. (2022). A modified implementation mapping methodology for evaluating and learning from existing implementation. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 836552.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"1790_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-01041-8","volume":"15","author":"JD Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, J. D., Li, D. H., & Rafferty, M. R. (2020). The implementation research logic model: A method for planning, executing, reporting, and synthesizing implementation projects. Implementation Science, 15, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-021-01102-6","volume":"16","author":"MV Springer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Springer, M. V., Sales, A. E., Islam, N., McBride, A. C., Landis-Lewis, Z., Tupper, M., et al. (2021). A step toward understanding the mechanism of action of audit and feedback: A qualitative study of implementation strategies. Implementation Science, 16(1), 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-021-01102-6","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"1790_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0892-4","volume":"14","author":"TJ Waltz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waltz, T. J., Powell, B. J., Fern\u00e1ndez, M. E., Abadie, B., & Damschroder, L. J. (2019). Choosing implementation strategies to address contextual barriers: Diversity in recommendations and future directions. Implementation Science, 14, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1790_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9174-z","volume":"41","author":"A Wandersman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wandersman, A., Duffy, J., Flaspohler, P., Noonan, R., Lubell, K., Stillman, L., et al. (2008). Bridging the gap between prevention research and practice: The interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3\u20134), 171\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-008-9174-z","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-011-0490-9","volume":"40","author":"SA Whitcomb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whitcomb, S. A., & Merrell, K. W. (2012). Understanding implementation and effectiveness of Strong Start K-2 on social-emotional behavior. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(1), 63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10643-011-0490-9","journal-title":"Early Childhood Education Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"1790_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-015-0693-2","volume":"43","author":"NJ Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams, N. J. (2016). Multilevel mechanisms of implementation strategies in mental health: Integrating theory, research, and practice. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 43(5), 783\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-015-0693-2","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T01:01:10Z","timestamp":1741568470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01790-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Study procedures were approved by The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Review Board (HSC-SPH-20\u20130861). This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"We obtained written consent for all qualitative interview participants who participated in person. We waived documentation of written consent for interview participants who participated in virtual interviews.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}