{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:59:37Z","timestamp":1768391977360,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:23:02Z","timestamp":1764602582000},"page":"1194-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["State-level analysis of mental health disparities between White, Black, and Hispanic populations before and after COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7995-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunter","family":"Duke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Ogletree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00949650215733","volume":"73","author":"M Anderson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson, M., & Braak, C. T. (2003). Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 73(2), 85\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00949650215733","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.5.339","volume":"57","author":"EM Andresen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andresen, E. M., Catlin, T. K., Wyrwich, K. W., & Jackson-Thompson, J. (2003). Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(5), 339\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.57.5.339","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"1860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101678","author":"J Caldwell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caldwell, J., Daniels, E., & Stober, K. (2024). Unmet needs for long-term services and supports and associations with health outcomes. Disability and Health Journal, Advance Online Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101678","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal, Advance Online Publication."},{"key":"1860_CR4","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"1860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22747","volume":"50","author":"K Cokley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cokley, K., Krueger, N., Cunningham, S. R., Burlew, K., Hall, S., Harris, K., Castelin, S., & Coleman, C. (2022). The COVID-19\/racial injustice syndemic and mental health among Black Americans: The roles of general and race-related COVID worry, cultural mistrust, and perceived discrimination. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(6), 2542\u20132561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22747","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"1860_CR7","unstructured":"County Health Rankings. (2024a) Poor Mental Health Days: A Quality of life Measure. County Health Rankings. https:\/\/www.countyhealthrankings.org\/health-data\/health-outcomes\/quality-of-life\/poor-mental-health-days"},{"key":"1860_CR8","unstructured":"County Health Rankings. (2024b) Residential Segregation- Black\/White: A Family and Social Support Measure. County Health Rankings. https:\/\/www.countyhealthrankings.org\/health-data\/health-factors\/social-economic-factors\/family-and-social-support\/residential-segregation-blackwhite"},{"key":"1860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S850","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307103","volume":"112","author":"EM D\u2019Agostino","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, E. M., Feger, B. J., Pinzon, M. F., Bailey, R., & Kibbe, W. A. (2022). Democratizing research with data dashboards: Data visualization and support to promote community partner engagement. American Journal of Public Health, 112, S850\u2013S853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307103","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306849","volume":"112","author":"BE Dixon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dixon, B. E., Dearth, S., Duszynski, T. J., & Grannis, S. J. (2022). Dashboards are trendy, visible components of data management in public health: Sustaining their use after the pandemic requires a broader view. American Journal of Public Health, 112(6), 900\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306849","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2022.8.8.06","volume":"8","author":"CMK Dush","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dush, C. M. K., Manning, W. D., Berrigan, M. N., & Hardeman, R. R. (2022). Stress and mental health: A focus on COVID-19 and racial trauma stress. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(8), 104\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7758\/rsf.2022.8.8.06","journal-title":"RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences"},{"key":"1860_CR12","unstructured":"Dyer, Z. (2024, May 14). Advocates want Missouri to keep paid sick leave protections, even after pandemic rules vanished. KFF Health News. https:\/\/www.kcur.org\/health\/2024-05-14\/advocates-want-missouri-to-keep-paid-sick-leave-protections-even-after-pandemic-rules-vanished"},{"key":"1860_CR13","unstructured":"Eviction Lab. (n.d.). COVID-19 housing population scorecard: Missouri. Princeton University. Retrieved on November 6, 2025, from https:\/\/evictionlab.org\/covid-policy-scorecard\/mo\/"},{"key":"1860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047","volume":"295","author":"E Goldmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldmann, E., Hagen, D., Khoury, E. E., Owens, M., Misra, S., & Thrul, J. (2021). An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US South. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 471\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.047","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"1860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grobman, B., Bondarchuk, C. P., Mansur, A., & Lu, C. Y. (2025). Social vulnerability and disparities in all-cause mortality in the United States. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1\u20139. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02595-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02595-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"1860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1086\/716197","volume":"7","author":"S Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Nguyen, T., Raman, S., Lee, B., Lozano-Rojas, F., Bento, A., Simon, K., & Wing, C. (2021). Tracking public and private responses to the COVID-19 epidemic: Evidence from state and local government actions. American Journal of Health Economics, 7(4), 361\u2013404.","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"1860_CR17","unstructured":"Hallas, L., Hatibie, A., Majumdar, S., Pyarali, M., & Hale, T. (2021). Variation in US states\u2019 responses to COVID-19.\u00a0University of Oxford."},{"key":"1860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-023-09799-6","author":"CA Holt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holt, C. A., & Sullivan, S. P. (2023). Permutation tests for experimental data. Experimental Economics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10683-023-09799-6","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"key":"1860_CR19","unstructured":"Huebner, B. M., Giuffre, A., & Slocum, L. A. (2021). Understanding trends in jail population in St. Louis County, Missouri: 2010\u20132019. University of Missouri Saint Louis."},{"key":"1860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia, H., Muennig, P., Lubetkin, E. I., & Gold, M. R. (2004). Predicting geographical variations in behavioural risk factors: An analysis of physical and mental healthy days. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58(2), 150\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.58.2.150","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.2.150"},{"issue":"6","key":"1860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2020.0721","volume":"1","author":"L Ku","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ku, L., & Brantley, E. (2020). Widening social and health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum, 1(6), Article e200721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2020.0721","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"1860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2020.07.002","volume":"11","author":"CT Laurencin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurencin, C. T., & Walker, J. M. (2020). A pandemic on a pandemic: Racism and COVID-19 in blacks. Cell Systems, 11, 9\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cels.2020.07.002","journal-title":"Cell Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"1860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2000.10474549","volume":"54","author":"JS Long","year":"2000","unstructured":"Long, J. S., & Ervin, L. H. (2000). Using heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors in the linear regression model. The American Statistician, 54(3), 217\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00031305.2000.10474549","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"1","key":"1860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2014.1.25","volume":"1","author":"SH Meghani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meghani, S. H., Byun, E., & Chittams, J. (2014). Conducting research with vulnerable populations: Cautions and considerations in interpreting outliers in disparities research. AIMS Public Health, 1(1), 25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/publichealth.2014.1.25","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"1860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286","author":"IH Meyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2137286","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"1860_CR26","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. (2020b). MDHHS announces peer-run warmline to aid persons with mental health needs during COVID-19 pandemic. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/coronavirus\/news\/2020\/04\/13\/mdhhs-announces-peer-run-warmline-to-aid-persons-with-mental-health-needs-during-covid-19-pandemic"},{"key":"1860_CR27","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (2020a). Michigan\u2019s Work Share program saves state trust fund millions and leads the nation as employers bring back workers from unemployment. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/coronavirus\/news\/2020\/08\/19\/michigans-work-share-program-saves-state-trust-fund-millions-and-leads-the-nation-as-employers-brin"},{"key":"1860_CR28","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. (2025). Stay well program resources. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/mdhhs\/keep-mi-healthy\/mentalhealth\/stay-well-program-resources"},{"key":"1860_CR29","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Providing care for the emotional and mental health of racial and ethnic minorities. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/coronavirus\/-\/media\/Project\/Websites\/coronavirus\/Folder30\/For_providers_-_emotional_health_of_racial_and_ethnic_minorities.pdf?rev=6b9ae1efb53c4b71b586522e71da8639&hash=662116B96F5A91F7D7152C406AD4DB95"},{"key":"1860_CR30","unstructured":"Michigan League for Public Policy. (2020, August 11). Public policy response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Michigan: Unemployment insurance. https:\/\/mlpp.org\/public-policy-response-to-the-covid-19-outbreak-in-michigan-unemployment\/"},{"key":"1860_CR31","unstructured":"Missouri Economic Research and Information Center. (2023). Cost of Living Data Series. https:\/\/meric.mo.gov\/data\/cost-living-data-series"},{"key":"1860_CR32","unstructured":"Missouri Office of Administration. (2020). State of Missouri: Black or African American Total Population by County 2020. https:\/\/oa.mo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Total%20Black%20Population%202020.pdf"},{"issue":"37","key":"1860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-37","volume":"1","author":"DG Moriarty","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., & Kobau, R. (2003). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s healthy days measures - population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(37), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-1-37","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1860_CR34","unstructured":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. (2025). NIH-Designated Populations with Health Disparities. https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/about\/overview\/nih-designated-populations-experiencing-health-disparities.html"},{"key":"1860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100761","author":"AS Parpia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parpia, A. S., et al. (2021). Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States. EClinicalMedicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100761","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1860_CR36","unstructured":"Pillai, D., Hill, L., & Artiga, S. (2025, September 23). Disappearing federal data: Implications for addressing health disparities. KFF. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/disappearing-federal-data-implications-for-addressing-health-disparities\/"},{"key":"1860_CR37","unstructured":"Reinert, M., Fritze, D., & Nguyen, T. (2021). The state of mental health in America 2022.\u00a0Mental Health America."},{"issue":"S1","key":"1860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2021.001710.1089\/hs.2021.0017","volume":"19","author":"LY Saltzman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saltzman, L. Y., Lesen, A. E., Henry, V., Hansel, T. C., & Bordnick, P. S. (2021). COVID-19 mental health disparities. Health Security, 19(S1), S5\u2013S13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hs.2021.001710.1089\/hs.2021.0017","journal-title":"Health Security"},{"key":"1860_CR39","unstructured":"Schneider, T. (2025, October 2). Medicaid expansion reduced uncompensated care costs, may have prevented hospital closures. Washington University School of Public Health News. https:\/\/schoolofpublichealth.washu.edu\/medicaid-expansion-reduced-uncompensated-care-costs-may-have-prevented-hospital-closures\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"1860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35352","volume":"6","author":"E Shih","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shih, E., Aylward, B. S., Kunkle, S., & Graziani, G. (2022). Health-related quality of life among members using an on demand behavioral health platform: Pilot observational study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(7), Article e35352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/35352","journal-title":"JMIR Formative Research"},{"key":"1860_CR41","unstructured":"State Health Compare. (2024). SHADAC Analysis of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) public use files, State Health Compare, SHADAC, University of Minnesota. https:\/\/statehealthcompare.shadac.org"},{"issue":"3","key":"1860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-5890.12244","volume":"41","author":"Z Swaziek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swaziek, Z., & Wozniak, A. (2020). Disparities old and new in US mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fiscal Studies, 41(3), 709\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-5890.12244","journal-title":"Fiscal Studies"},{"key":"1860_CR43","unstructured":"Taylor, D.B. (2020). George Floyd Protests: A Timeline. The New York Times. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200602235547\/https:\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"1860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01284-9","volume":"10","author":"MB Thomeer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 10(2), 961\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-022-01284-9","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"1860_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Town, M., Eke, P., Zhao, G., Thomas, C. W., Hsia, J., Pierannunzi, C. & Hacker, K. (2024). Racial and ethnic differences in social determinants of health and health related social needs among adults \u2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 73(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7309a","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7309a"},{"key":"1860_CR46","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2016). American community survey: Data suppression. https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/tech_docs\/data_suppression\/ACSO_Data_Suppression.pdf"},{"key":"1860_CR47","unstructured":"United States Department of Justice. (2015). Department of justice report regarding the criminal investigation into the shooting death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri police officer Darren Wilson. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opa\/press-releases\/attachments\/2015\/03\/04\/doj_report_on_shooting_of_michael_brown_1.pdf"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1860_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12455","volume":"66","author":"M Valent\u00edn-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valent\u00edn-Cort\u00e9s, M., Benavides, Q., Bryce, R., Rabinowitz, E., Rion, R., Lopez, W. D., & Fleming, P. J. (2020). Application of the minority stress theory: Understanding the mental health of undocumented Latinx immigrants. American Journal of Community Psychology, 66(3\u20134), 325\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12455","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"1860_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s41996-020-00071-0","volume":"3","author":"ED Vargas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vargas, E. D., & Sanchez, G. R. (2020). COVID-19 is having a devastating impact on the economic well-being of Latino families. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3, 262\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41996-020-00071-0","journal-title":"Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy"},{"key":"1860_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/2F0022146518814251","volume":"59","author":"DR Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59, 466\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2F0022146518814251","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"1860_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.04.008","author":"CL Woods-Giscombe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woods-Giscombe, C. L., et al. (2023). A scoping review of the concept of resilience among African American women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.04.008","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"1860_CR52","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-03-2022-covid-19-pandemictriggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-of-anxiety-and-depressionworldwide"},{"issue":"19","key":"1860_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","volume":"323","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yancy, C. W. (2020). COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA, 323(19), 1891\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:53:19Z","timestamp":1768373599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-025-01860-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal for simultaneous publishing. This manuscript has not been published previously, in any part or in full, nor has it been presented. This study is not one part of a larger study split up into more parts. No data or images have been fabricated or manipulated to support the author\u2019s conclusion. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they are the author\u2019s own. All works are properly cited in references and text. Consent to submit has been given by all co-authors. All authors listed have contributed sufficiently to be listed, and therefore share responsibility and accountability for the work therein.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The University of South Florida IRB board has determined that this study is not human subjects research and is exempt from the IRB process. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study formal consent is not required. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not needed for data sources used in this study. All data used has already been anonymized and de-identified prior to access by the study team. In addition, data analysis performed by the study team was completed at a state level, further obstructing individual level results. All data used is from publicly available data sets.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"NA","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Registration"}},{"value":"The co-authors have no conflicts of interest to report.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}