{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:11:21Z","timestamp":1788883881320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006942","name":"Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Unintentional pediatric firearm-related injuries constitute a public health challenge. This cross-sectional research study examines how children\u2019s experience with firearms, parent-level supervision and training, and youth exposure to firearms is associated with youths\u2019 knowledge about and behavior with firearms.  One hundred sixty-three children aged 10\u201312, all with firearm exposure, and their parents participated. Self-report data from youth and parents on youth firearm experience and knowledge; family firearm use and storage; and how children were supervised and trained to use firearms served as independent variables in age- and sex-adjusted generalized linear models. Children\u2019s knowledge about firearm safety, intended behavior in response to stories, and simulated behavior in both hunting and shooting range scenarios were outcome variables. Children who reported their families owned firearms for shooting had higher firearm safety knowledge (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and made safer clothing choices in simulation scenarios (OR\u2009=\u20092.30,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). Family lessons about firearm safety were associated with safer clothing choices and fewer unsafe shots in simulation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01). Children who self-reported experience hunting without adult supervision had increased time unsafe in hunting simulation (MD\u2009=\u20095.09,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). Parent-reported data showed similar patterns. Additionally, per parent report, children with more firearm experience displayed greater knowledge about safety (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and increased safe clothing selection in simulations. Children with more firearm experience generally demonstrated more knowledge and safer simulated behavior. Youth who self-reported hunting without adult supervision took more risks in hunting simulations. Multifaceted strategies that include increased adult supervision and youth safety training could reduce unintentional youth firearms injuries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:39:48Z","timestamp":1788838788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Adolescents\u2019 Knowledge and Behavior with Firearms: How Experience, Parents, and Safety Training Contribute to Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casie H.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Leann","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M. W.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Schwebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.33545\/comed.2021.v4.i1a.185","volume":"4","author":"A Alqahtani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alqahtani, A., Aljaseer, N., & Kofi, M. (2021). The risk factors and parent perceptions regarding childhood poisoning: A descriptive cross-sectional study. International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine, 4(1), 44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33545\/comed.2021.v4.i1a.185","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1552","volume":"143","author":"J Beardslee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beardslee, J., Docherty, M., Yang, V. J. H., & Pardini, D. (2019). Parental disengagement in childhood and adolescent male gun carrying. Pediatrics, 143(4), Article e20181552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1552","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"1976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2159-2","volume":"83","author":"R Bhamkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhamkar, R., Seth, B., & Setia, M. S. (2016). Profile and risk factor analysis of unintentional injuries in children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 83(10), 1114\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12098-016-2159-2","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi043","volume":"30","author":"RE Boles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boles, R. E., Roberts, M. C., Brown, K. J., & Mayes, S. (2005). Children\u2019s risk taking behaviors: The role of child-based perceptions of vulnerability and temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30(7), 562\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi043","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","volume":"32","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"7","key":"1976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31821bd1f5","volume":"32","author":"M Brussoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brussoni, M., & Olsen, L. (2011). Striking a balance between risk and protection: Fathers\u2019 attitudes and practices toward child injury prevention. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(7), 491\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31821bd1f5","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"1976_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): CDC\u2019s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars.\u00a0Accessed 6\/1\/2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(97)90028-9","volume":"18","author":"S Christensen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christensen, S., & Morrongiello, B. A. (1997). The influence of peers on children\u2019s judgments about engaging in behaviors that threaten their safety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 18(4), 547\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0193-3973(97)90028-9","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.12.1585","volume":"78","author":"TB Cole","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cole, T. B., & Patetta, M. J. (1988). Hunting firearm injuries, North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health, 78(12), 1585\u20131586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.78.12.1585","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"1976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.003","volume":"57","author":"AE Curry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Curry, A. E., Peek-Asa, C., Hamann, C. J., & Mirman, J. H. (2015). Effectiveness of parent-focused interventions to increase teen driver safety: A critical review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1 Suppl), S6\u2013S14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.003","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12306","volume":"13","author":"A De Los Reyes","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Los Reyes, A., Ohannessian, C. M., & Racz, S. J. (2019). Discrepancies between adolescent and parent reports about family relationships. Child Development Perspectives, 13(1), 53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12306","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"1976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.1306","volume":"113","author":"C DiScala","year":"2004","unstructured":"DiScala, C., & Sege, R. (2004). Outcomes in children and young adults who are hospitalized for firearms-related injuries. Pediatrics, 113, 1306\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.113.5.1306","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.06.002","volume":"79","author":"KA Fowler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fowler, K. A., Dahlberg, L. L., Haileyesus, T., & Annest, J. L. (2015). Firearm injuries in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 79, 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.06.002","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"1976_CR14","unstructured":"Guetschow, B., Lilienthal, M., & Willey, M. (2018). Unintentional firearm injuries remain prevalent over a 12-year experience at a rural Midwestern level 1 trauma center. Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, 38, 45\u201352. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6047385\/.\u00a0Accessed 6\/1\/2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"1976_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493511423","volume":"16","author":"SM Guilfoyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guilfoyle, S. M., Karazsia, B. T., Langkamp, D. L., & Wildman, B. G. (2012). Supervision to prevent childhood unintentional injury: Developmental knowledge and self-efficacy count. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(2), 141\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1367493511423","journal-title":"Journal of Child Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0400-z","volume":"15","author":"TM Haegerich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haegerich, T. M., Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Aspy, C. B., & Tolma, E. L. (2014). The predictive influence of family and neighborhood assets on fighting and weapon carrying from mid- to late adolescence. Prevention Science, 15(4), 473\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-013-0400-z","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"1976_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.01.008","volume":"42","author":"D Hemenway","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hemenway, D., Barber, C., & Miller, M. (2010). Unintentional firearm deaths: A comparison of other-inflicted and self-inflicted shootings. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1184\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2010.01.008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"1976_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002330","volume":"87","author":"AB Hink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hink, A. B., Bonne, S., Levy, M., et al. (2019). Firearm injury research and epidemiology: A review of the data, their limitations, and how trauma centers can improve firearm injury research. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 87(3), 678\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000002330","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"1976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000169440.75056.0f","volume":"21","author":"PK Howard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Howard, P. K. (2005). Evaluation of age-appropriate firearm safety interventions. Pediatric Emergency Care, 21(7), 473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.pec.0000169440.75056.0f","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1976_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.043","volume":"45","author":"RT Loder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loder, R. T., & Farren, N. (2014). Injuries from firearms in hunting activities. Injury, 45(8), 1207\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.043","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1300\/J029v16n04_04","volume":"16","author":"NB McGillicuddy","year":"2007","unstructured":"McGillicuddy, N. B., Rychtarik, R. G., Morsheimer, E. T., & Burke-Storer, M. R. (2007). Agreement between parent and adolescent reports of adolescent substance use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 16(4), 59\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J029v16n04_04","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"1976_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2632077020988143","volume":"2","author":"CH Morgan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morgan, C. H., Estep, C., Morrongiello, B. A., & Schwebel, D. C. (2021). Validation of the activity room: An ecologically valid assessment of young children\u2019s risk-taking. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion, 2(1), 81\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2632077020988143","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12287","volume":"12","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A. (2018). Preventing unintentional injuries to young children in the home: Understanding and influencing parents\u2019 safety practices. Child Development Perspectives, 12(4), 217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12287","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.4.498","volume":"27","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., & Bellissimo, A. (2008a). \u201cDo as I say, not as I do\u201d: Family influences on children\u2019s safety and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 27(4), 498\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-6133.27.4.498","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1976_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj045","volume":"31","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., McCourt, M., & Johnston, N. (2006a). Understanding unintentional injury-risk in young children I: The nature and scope of caregiver supervision of children at home. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(6), 529\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj045","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1976_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj073","volume":"31","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., McCourt, M., & Johnston, N. (2006b). Understanding unintentional injury risk in young children II: The contribution of caregiver supervision, child attributes, and parent attributes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(6), 540\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj073","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1976_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2003.003459","volume":"10","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., & House, K. (2004). Measuring parent attributes and supervision behaviors relevant to child injury risk: Examining the usefulness of questionnaire measures. Injury Prevention, 10(2), 114\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.2003.003459","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"1976_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01147","volume":"79","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., Klemencic, N., & Corbett, M. (2008b). Interactions between child behavior patterns and parent supervision: Implications for children\u2019s risk of unintentional injury. Child Development, 79(3), 627\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01147","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"7","key":"1976_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst019","volume":"38","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., McArthur, B. A., Kane, A., & Fleury, R. (2013a). Only kids who are fools would do that!: Peer social norms influence children\u2019s risk-taking decisions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(7), 744\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst019","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"1976_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.016","volume":"96","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., Schell, S. L., & Keleher, B. (2013). Advancing our understanding of sibling supervision and injury risk for young children. Social Science & Medicine, 96, 208\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.016","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1976_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1942","volume":"38","author":"MA Novotny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Novotny, M. A., Miltenberger, R. G., Baruni, R. R., Maxfield, T. C., Larson, V., & Yampolskaya, S. (2023). Evaluating parent-implemented behavioral skills training for teaching firearm safety skills. Behavioral Interventions, 38(3), 625\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bin.1942","journal-title":"Behavioral Interventions"},{"issue":"6","key":"1976_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2016-0146","volume":"7","author":"K Parikh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parikh, K., Silver, A., Patel, S. J., Iqbal, S. F., & Goyal, M. (2017). Pediatric firearm-related injuries in the United States. Hospital Pediatrics, 7(6), 303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/hpeds.2016-0146","journal-title":"Hospital Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"1976_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.3055","volume":"178","author":"J Paruk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paruk, J., Anestis, M. D., & Semenza, D. C. (2024). Parental engagement with children around firearms and unsecure storage. JAMA Pediatrics, 178(11), 1219\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.3055","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1976_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14668","volume":"56","author":"AE Peden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peden, A. E., & Franklin, R. C. (2020). Causes of distraction leading to supervision lapses in cases of fatal drowning of children 0\u20134 years in Australia: A 15-year review. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(3), 450\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.14668","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"issue":"e1","key":"1976_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041128","volume":"21","author":"PG Schnitzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schnitzer, P. G., Dowd, M. D., Kruse, R. L., & Morrongiello, B. A. (2015). Supervision and risk of unintentional injury in young children. Injury Prevention, 21(e1), e63\u2013e70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041128","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"1976_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1137725","volume":"11","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C. (2023). The forgotten facet of firearms safety: Unintentional gun injuries and deaths in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1137725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1137725","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1976_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2015.1124775","volume":"46","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Evans, W. D., Hoeffler, S. E., Marlenga, B. L., Nguyen, S. P., Jovanov, E., Meltzer, D. O., & Sheares, B. J. (2017). Unintentional child poisoning risk: A review of causal factors and prevention studies. Child Health Care, 46(2), 109\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02739615.2015.1124775","journal-title":"Child Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1976_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.005","volume":"40","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Gaines, J., & Severson, J. (2008). Validation of virtual reality as a tool to understand and prevent child pedestrian injury. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(4), 1394\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"1976_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10345-3","volume":"21","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Long, D. L., Gowey, M., Severson, J., He, Y., & Trullinger, K. (2021). Study protocol: Developing and evaluating an interactive web platform to teach children hunting, shooting and firearms safety: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 308.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1976_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308267","volume":"115","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Long, D. L., Johnston, A., He, Y., Morgan, C. H., Severson, J., Taylor, G., & Trullinger, K. (2025a). Evaluation of ShootSafe, an interactive, sequential website to teach youths firearms safety: A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health, 115(12), 1971\u20131977.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1976_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2025.102890","volume":"25","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Long, D. L., Johnston, A., & Morgan, C. H. (2025b). Children and firearms in the United States: Parent and child reports on firearms use, storage, and training. Academic Pediatrics, 25(8), Article 102890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2025.102890","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1976_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060240","volume":"151","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwebel, D. C., Ramos, W., Gilchrist, J., & Dixon, C. A. (2023). Expanding the concept of caregiver supervision to prevent child drowning. Pediatrics, 151(3), Article e2022060240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-060240","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1976_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67877","DOI":"10.2196\/67877","volume":"8","author":"S Shetty","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shetty, S., Nayak, B. S., George, A., Shetty, A., & Guddattu, V. (2025). Evidence of interventions for the prevention of unintentional injuries: Scoping review. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 8, e67877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/67877","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting"},{"issue":"1","key":"1976_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-019-0220-0","volume":"6","author":"SJ Solnick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solnick, S. J., & Hemenway, D. (2019). Unintentional firearm deaths in the United States 2005\u20132015. Injury Epidemiology, 6(1), Article 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-019-0220-0","journal-title":"Injury Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1976_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511432150","volume":"27","author":"MG Vaughn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaughn, M. G., Perron, B. E., Abdon, A., Olate, R., Groom, R., & Wu, L. T. (2012). Correlates of handgun carrying among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(10), 2003\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260511432150","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"1976_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2021.100980","volume":"61","author":"T Willoughby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willoughby, T., Heffer, T., Good, M., & Magnacca, C. (2021). Is adolescence a time of heightened risk taking? An overview of types of risk-taking behaviors across age groups. Developmental Review, 61, Article 100980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2021.100980","journal-title":"Developmental Review"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:02:58Z","timestamp":1788883378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["1976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01976-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board at the University of Alabama at Birmingham approved the study protocol. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided informed consent (parents)\/assent (children).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT4622943.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}