{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:20:38Z","timestamp":1792783238445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA012140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA012140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA025029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA025029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP109574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP109574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP0663371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP0663371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP0877359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP0877359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT491241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT491241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT594793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT594793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1047902]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1047902]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deakin University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02czsnj07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prev Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the impact of cannabis use on young adult suicidal behaviour. Matched cohorts were compared across two regions: Washington State, USA (where recreational cannabis use was legalised in 2012) and Victoria, Australia (where recreational cannabis use remains illegal). The hypotheses were (1) cannabis use would be more prevalent in Washington State in association with legalisation and (2) cannabis use would predict suicidal behaviour similarly in both regions. Data were drawn from the International Youth Development Study (IYDS) involving 1,470 participants (55.4% female; 726 Victoria, 744 Washington State) surveyed at average ages 25 and 29 in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Participants completed self-report surveys assessing demographic data, cannabis use, other forms of substance use, proximity to cannabis sales outlets, and suicidal behaviour. Data were analysed using multivariate negative binomial regression to identify cannabis use predictors of incident suicidal behaviour and differences between the two regions. Washington State participants reported significantly higher past-year cannabis use compared to Victorian participants at age 25 (in 2014) and lower self-harm at age 29 (2018). Victorian participants reported a reduction in cannabis use from age 25 to 29, while increased use was reported by Washington State participants across the same period. Regression analysis showed higher rates of cannabis use at 25\u00a0years and increased cannabis consumption at 29\u00a0years predicted increased suicidal behaviour. Suicidal behaviour in 2014 predicted this behaviour in 2018, with higher predictive risk in Washington State. Propensity score analysis confirmed a significant effect of cannabis use on suicidal behaviour. The effect of legalisation indicators (Washington State location, proximity to cannabis stores) on cannabis use was also significant based on propensity analysis. Cannabis was more prevalent in Washington State through the late 20\u00a0s. Young adult cannabis use increased the likelihood of suicidal behaviours. Despite increased risk from cannabis use, Washington State maintained lower rates of suicidal behaviour compared to Victoria, emphasising the need to understand multiple determinants of state differences in suicidal behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:42:53Z","timestamp":1790235773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Effects of Cannabis Use on Suicidal Behaviour in Early Adulthood in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5518-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbey J.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Heerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bosco","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru A.","family":"Batmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Toumbourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000868","volume":"36","author":"S Assanangkornchai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Assanangkornchai, S., Kalayasiri, R., Ratta-Apha, W., & Tanaree, A. (2023). Effects of cannabis legalization on the use of cannabis and other substances. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 36(4), 283\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000868","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"1987_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Athanassiou, M., Dumais, A., Zouaoui, I., & Potvin, S. (2023). The clouded debate: A systematic review of comparative longitudinal studies examining the impact of recreational cannabis legalization on key public health outcomes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1060656","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1060656"},{"issue":"14","key":"1987_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100310.PMID:39830682;PMCID:PMC11741031","volume":"13","author":"A Athey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Athey, A., Shaff, J., Kahn, G., Brodie, K., Ryan, T. C., Sawyer, H., DeVinney, A., Nestadt, P. S., & Wilcox, H. C. (2024). Association of substance use with suicide mortality: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports., 13(14), 100310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100310.PMID:39830682;PMCID:PMC11741031","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports."},{"key":"1987_CR4","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Suicide among young people. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring\/data\/populations-age-groups\/suicide-among-young-people"},{"key":"1987_CR5","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024b). Suicide and intentional self-harm. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring\/summary\/suicide-and-intentional-self-harm"},{"key":"1987_CR6","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024a). Suicide & self-harm monitoring data. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring\/data\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring-data"},{"key":"1987_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.05.065","volume":"241","author":"AL Bahorik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bahorik, A. L., Sterling, S. A., Campbell, C. I., Weisner, C., Ramo, D., & Satre, D. D. (2018). Medical and non-medical marijuana use in depression: Longitudinal associations with suicidal ideation, everyday functioning, and psychiatry service utilization. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.05.065","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"1987_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bailey, J. A., Epstein, M., Roscoe, J. N., Oesterle, S., Kosterman, R., & Hill, K. G. (2020). Marijuana legalization and youth marijuana, alcohol, and cigarette use and norms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(3), 309\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.008"},{"key":"1987_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.007","volume":"195","author":"G Borges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borges, G., Bagge, C. L., & Orozco, R. (2016). A literature review and meta-analyses of cannabis use and suicidality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.007","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"1987_CR10","unstructured":"Branch, L. S. (2023). Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Cannabis Act. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-24.5\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR11","first-page":"180","volume":"42","author":"MB Bridgeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bridgeman, M. B., & Abazia, D. T. (2017). Medicinal cannabis: History, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting. P & t: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management, 42(3), 180\u2013188.","journal-title":"P & t: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"1987_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716645289","volume":"61","author":"C Coffey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coffey, C., & Patton, G. C. (2016). Cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood: A review of findings from the victorian adolescent health cohort study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 61(6), 318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743716645289","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie"},{"key":"1987_CR13","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Australia. (2021). Medicinal cannabis. https:\/\/www.odc.gov.au\/medicinal-cannabis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1987_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00967.x","volume":"54","author":"S Darke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Darke, S., Duflou, J., & Torok, M. (2009). Toxicology and circumstances of completed suicide by means other than overdose. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(2), 490\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00967.x","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"1987_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13897","volume":"112","author":"S Darke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darke, S., Kaye, S., & Duflou, J. (2017). Rates, characteristics and circumstances of methamphetamine-related death in Australia: A national 7-year study. Addiction, 112(12), 2191\u20132201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13897","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13384","volume":"145","author":"A Denissoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Denissoff, A., Niemel\u00e4, S., Scott, J. G., Salom, C. L., Hielscher, E., Miettunen, J., Alakokkare, A.-E., & Mustonen, A. (2022). Does cannabis use in adolescence predict self-harm or suicide? Results from a Finnish birth cohort study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(3), 234\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13384","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"1987_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106548","volume":"148","author":"ML Doucette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doucette, M. L., Borrup, K. T., Lapidus, G., Whitehill, J. M., McCourt, A. D., & Crifasi, C. K. (2021). Effect of Washington State and Colorado\u2019s cannabis legalization on death by suicides. Preventive Medicine, 148, 106548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106548","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"4286","key":"1987_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","volume":"196","author":"GL Engel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129\u2013136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1987_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.020","volume":"278","author":"A Escelsior","year":"2021","unstructured":"Escelsior, A., Belvederi Murri, M., Corsini, G. P., Serafini, G., Aguglia, A., Zampogna, D., Cattedra, S., Nebbia, J., Trabucco, A., Prestia, D., Olcese, M., Barletta, E., Pereira da Silva, B., & Amore, M. (2021). Cannabinoid use and self-injurious behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.020","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"1987_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117822182311720","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231172054","volume":"17","author":"KN Farrelly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farrelly, K. N., Wardell, J. D., Marsden, E., Scarfe, M. L., Najdzionek, P., Turna, J., & MacKillop, J. (2023). The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and associated outcomes: A systematic review. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 17, 11782218231172054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11782218231172054","journal-title":"Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment"},{"key":"1987_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.053","volume":"153","author":"A Fres\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fres\u00e1n, A., Dionisio-Garc\u00eda, D. M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro, T. B., Ramos-M\u00e9ndez, M. \u00c1., Castillo-Avila, R. G., Tovilla-Z\u00e1rate, C. A., Ju\u00e1rez-Rojop, I. E., L\u00f3pez-Narv\u00e1ez, M. L., Genis-Mendoza, A. D., & Nicolini, H. (2022). Cannabis smoking increases the risk of suicide ideation and suicide attempt in young individuals of 11\u201321 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 153, 90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.053","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"1987_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112728","volume":"273","author":"SB Garrett","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garrett, S. B., Williams, J. R., Carlini, B. H., & Hammond, D. (2025). Cannabis consumption patterns, adverse events, and cannabis risk beliefs: A latent profile analysis in WA State. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 273, 112728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112728","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1987_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., \u2026 Mayo, N. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500"},{"issue":"4","key":"1987_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32812144cc","volume":"20","author":"W Hall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 393\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32812144cc","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.06.014","volume":"63","author":"CJ Hammond","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hammond, C. J., Hyer, J. M., Boustead, A. E., Fristad, M. A., Steelesmith, D. L., Brock, G., Brock, G. N., Hasin, D. S., & Fontanella, C. A. (2024). Association between marijuana laws and suicide among 12- to 25-year-olds in the United States from 2000 to 2019. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 63(3), 345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.06.014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1987_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2113025","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13025","volume":"4","author":"B Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han, B., Compton, W. M., Einstein, E. B., & Volkow, N. D. (2021). Associations of suicidality trends with cannabis use as a function of sex and depression status. JAMA Network Open, 4(6), e2113025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13025","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019623","volume":"15","author":"VS Harder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harder, V. S., Stuart, E. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2010). Propensity score techniques and the assessment of measured covariate balance to test causal associations in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 234\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019623","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"1987_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heerde, J. A., Bailey, J. A., Toumbourou, J. W., Rowland, B., & Catalano, R. F. (2020). Prevalence of homelessness and co-occurring problems: A comparison of young adults in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, Article 104692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104692"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031711","volume":"20","author":"JA Heerde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heerde, J. A., Merrin, G. J., Le, V. T., Toumbourou, J. W., & Bailey, J. A. (2023). Health of young adults experiencing social marginalization and vulnerability: A cross-national longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20031711","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1987_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.017","volume":"57","author":"JA Heerde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heerde, J. A., Toumbourou, J. W., Hemphill, S. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). Incidence and course of adolescent deliberate self-harm in Victoria, Australia, and Washington state. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 57(5), 537\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.017","journal-title":"The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"1987_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.126","volume":"272","author":"MP Hengartner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hengartner, M. P., Angst, J., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & R\u00f6ssler, W. (2020). Cannabis use during adolescence and the occurrence of depression, suicidality and anxiety disorder across adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal cohort study over 30 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 272, 98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.126","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"1987_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035","volume":"77","author":"LA Hines","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hines, L. A., Freeman, T. P., Gage, S. H., Zammit, S., Hickman, M., Cannon, M., Munafo, M., MacLeod, J., & Heron, J. (2020). Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1987_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.012","volume":"174","author":"RM Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson, R. M., LaValley, M., Schneider, K. E., Musci, R. J., Pettoruto, K., & Rothman, E. F. (2017). Marijuana use and physical dating violence among adolescents and emerging adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 47\u201357.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"25","key":"1987_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990620","volume":"20","author":"L Karila","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karila, L., Roux, P., Rolland, B., Benyamina, A., Reynaud, M., Aubin, H.-J., & Lan\u00e7on, C. (2014). Acute and long-term effects of cannabis use: A review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4112\u20134118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/13816128113199990620","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design"},{"issue":"11","key":"1987_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13906","volume":"112","author":"DCR Kerr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerr, D. C. R., Bae, H., Phibbs, S., & Kern, A. C. (2017). Changes in undergraduates\u2019 marijuana, heavy alcohol and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. Addiction, 112(11), 1992\u20132001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13906","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"1987_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303128","volume":"106","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A., & Kandel, D. B. (2016). Birth cohorts analysis of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent marijuana and cocaine use. American Journal of Public Health, 106(6), 1143\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303128","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"1987_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Korhonen, T., Sihvola, E., Latvala, A., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Nurnberger, J., \u2026 Kaprio, J. (2018). Early-onset tobacco use and suicide-related behavior: A prospective study from adolescence to young adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 79, 32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.12.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.12.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"1987_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-06001-8","volume":"239","author":"L Kuhns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuhns, L., Kroon, E., Colyer-Patel, K., & Cousijn, J. (2022). Associations between cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and mood disorders: Longitudinal, genetic, and neurocognitive evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 239(5), 1231\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-06001-8","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.3.303","volume":"18","author":"MM Linehan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Brown, M. Z., Heard, H. L., & Wagner, A. (2006). Suicide attempt self-injury interview (SASII): Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury. Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.18.3.303","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"1987_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107821","volume":"207","author":"M Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston, M., Holmes, J., Oldham, M., Vashishtha, R., & Pennay, A. (2020). Trends in the sequence of first alcohol, cannabis and cigarette use in Australia, 2001\u20132016. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107821","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1987_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manthey, J., Jacobsen, B., Hayer, T., Kalke, J., L\u00f3pez-Pelayo, H., Pons-Cabrera, M. T., \u2026 Rosenkranz, M. (2023). The impact of legal cannabis availability on cannabis use and health outcomes: A systematic review. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 116,104039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104039"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211955","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1955","volume":"4","author":"EC Matthay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthay, E. C., Kiang, M. V., Elser, H., Schmidt, L., & Humphreys, K. (2021). Evaluation of state cannabis laws and rates of self-harm and assault. JAMA Network Open, 4(3), e211955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1955","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"1987_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1300\/J233v06n02_06","volume":"6","author":"SE McCabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCabe, S. E., Morales, M., Cranford, J. A., Delva, J., McPherson, M. D., & Boyd, C. J. (2007). Race\/ethnicity and gender differences in drug use and abuse among college students. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 6(2), 75\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J233v06n02_06","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"1987_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106286272","volume":"34","author":"BJ McMorris","year":"2007","unstructured":"McMorris, B. J., Hemphill, S. A., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., & Patton, G. C. (2007). Prevalence of substance use and delinquent behavior in adolescents from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Health Education & Behavior, 34(4), 634\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198106286272","journal-title":"Health Education & Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"1987_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261004000210","volume":"40","author":"DA Murphy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murphy, D. A., Hser, Y.-I., Huang, D., Brecht, M.-L., & Herbeck, D. M. (2010). Self-report of longitudinal substance use: A comparison of the UCLA natural history interview and the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Drug Issues, 40(2), 495\u2013516.","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"1987_CR46","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"T Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng, T., & Keshock, M. C. (2023). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing."},{"issue":"10","key":"1987_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0292922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292922","volume":"18","author":"AF Oladunjoye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oladunjoye, A. F., Li, E., Aneni, K., & Onigu-Otite, E. (2023). Cannabis use disorder, suicide attempts, and self-harm among adolescents: A national inpatient study across the United States. PLoS ONE, 18(10), e0292922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292922","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1987_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128","volume":"13","author":"RL Pacula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pacula, R. L., & Smart, R. (2017). Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 397\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1987_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01259.x","volume":"118","author":"W Pedersen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pedersen, W. (2008). Does cannabis use lead to depression and suicidal behaviours? A population-based longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(5), 395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01259.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"8","key":"1987_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x","volume":"107","author":"EN Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters, E. N., Budney, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Clinical correlates of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(8), 1404\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1987_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1504\/ijbhr.2011.043414","volume":"2","author":"R Rosenman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosenman, R., Tennekoon, V., & Hill, L. G. (2011). Measuring bias in self-reported data. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 2(4), 320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/ijbhr.2011.043414","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1987_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000196","volume":"19","author":"K Schmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt, K., Tseng, I., Phan, A., Fong, T., & Tsuang, J. (2020). A systematic review: Adolescent cannabis use and suicide. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 19(3), 146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000196","journal-title":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment"},{"key":"1987_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.010","volume":"205","author":"N Shalit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shalit, N., Shoval, G., Shlosberg, D., Feingold, D., & Lev-Ran, S. (2016). The association between cannabis use and suicidality among men and women: A population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 216\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.010","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"1987_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3083","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3083","volume":"13","author":"A Shamabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamabadi, A., Ahmadzade, A., Pirahesh, K., Hasanzadeh, A., & Asadigandomani, H. (2023). Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review. Brain and Behavior, 13(8), e3083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3083","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"1987_CR55","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 national survey on drug use and health. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt29393\/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML\/2019NSDUHFFR090120.htm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1987_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.01.022","volume":"73","author":"LA Taliaferro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taliaferro, L. A., Heerde, J. A., Bailey, J. A., Toumbourou, J. W., & McMorris, B. J. (2023). Adolescent predictors of deliberate self-harm thoughts and behavior among young adults: A longitudinal cross-national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(1), 61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.01.022","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"1987_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","volume":"370","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. B. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219\u20132227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"1987_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Swanson, J. M., Evins, A. E., DeLisi, L. E., Meier, M. H., Gonzalez, R., Bloomfield, M. A., Curran, H. V., & Baler, R. (2016). Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: a review. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(3), 292\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278"},{"issue":"9","key":"1987_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.06.001","volume":"21","author":"MM Wall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wall, M. M., Poh, E., Cerd\u00e1, M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. S. (2011). Adolescent marijuana use from 2002 to 2008: Higher in states with medical marijuana laws, cause still unclear. Annals of Epidemiology, 21(9), 714\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.06.001","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"1987_CR60","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/251056\/9789241510240-eng.pdf?sequence=1"}],"container-title":["Prevention Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:03:52Z","timestamp":1790280232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["1987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-026-01987-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-4986","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the University of Melbourne Human Ethics in Research Committee, the University of Washington Human Subjects Institutional Review Board, and the Deakin University Human Ethics Committee. All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent to publish was obtained through consent to participate (in Plain language statement).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was not a clinical trial and trial registration was therefore not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study reports a secondary analysis of existing data from the International Youth Development Study. The study was not registered and no separate study protocol or preregistered analysis plan was posted prior to analysis. The two hypotheses tested were specified a priori and are stated in the Introduction. All analyses conducted are reported.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Study Registration and Analysis Plan","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The following authors served in the not-for-profit company Communities That Care Ltd: JWT is a director of the not-for-profit company Communities That Care Ltd that distributes the Communities That Care youth survey in Australia. BR is the current CEO of Communities That Care. Other authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}