{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:12:29Z","timestamp":1790928749195,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate the EQ-5D-5L health-related quality of life (HrQoL) questionnaire in adolescents and young adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after sexual and\/or physical abuse. We used data from a randomized controlled trial of 87 participants with PTSD aged 14\u201321\u00a0years. The discriminative ability was evaluated by comparing participants scores on the descriptive system of the EQ-5D-5L with general population scores. Furthermore, the discriminative ability between subgroups of participants with different disease severity levels was estimated. Correlations between the EQ-5D index and clinical parameters were used to measure construct validity. Test-retest reliability was measured by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between baseline, posttreatment and 3-month follow-up scores of participants with stable symptoms. Finally, the responsiveness of the EQ-5D was calculated by mean differences, effect sizes and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses for participants with improved symptoms. Participants reported significantly more problems on the dimensions \u201cmobility\u201d, \u201cusual activities\u201d, \u201cpain\/discomfort\u201d and \u201canxiety\/depression\u201d than the general population. The EQ-5D-5L was able to discriminate between different disease severity levels. The EQ-5D index and clinical scales were significantly correlated with absolute values of correlation coefficients varying between 0.21 and 0.59. Furthermore, ICCs between 0.65 and 0.91 indicated good test-retest reliability for the EQ-5D index. The ICCs for the EQ-VAS between baseline and 3-month follow-up, and posttreatment and 3-month follow-up were statistically significant with 0.71 and 0.87, respectively, whereas the ICC between baseline and posttreatment was 0.08 and not statistically significant. Effect sizes to measure the responsiveness ranged between \u22120.008 and 0.40 for the EQ-5D index and\u2009\u2212\u20090.32 and 0.40 for the EQ-VAS. Furthermore, the area under the curve in ROC analyses was between 0.40 and 0.64 for the EQ-5D index and 0.60 and 0.70 for the EQ-VAS. Discriminative ability, test-retest reliability and construct validity of the EQ-5D-5L were good, whereas the responsiveness was rather weak. Nevertheless, the EQ-5D-5L can be used to measure HrQoL in adolescents and young adults with PTSD. German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00004787; date of registration: 18th March 2013; <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.drks.de\">https:\/\/www.drks.de<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T08:03:57Z","timestamp":1597651437000},"page":"459-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L in Assessing and Valuing Health Status in Adolescents and Young Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a Randomized Controlled Trail"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Dams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eline","family":"Rimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Steil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette","family":"Renneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Helmut","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373:68\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.05.011","volume":"52","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Hill ED, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:815\u2013830.e814.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"9814_CR3","volume-title":"Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer St\u00f6rungen - Textversion - DSM-IV-TR","author":"APA (American Psychiatric Assosication)","year":"2003","unstructured":"APA (American Psychiatric Assosication). Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer St\u00f6rungen - Textversion - DSM-IV-TR. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2003."},{"key":"9814_CR4","unstructured":"Ferry FR, Bolton D, Bunting BP, O\u2019Neill SM, Murphy SD, Devine B. The economic impact of post traumatic stress disorder in Northern Ireland. 2012."},{"key":"9814_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferry FR, Brady SE, Bunting BP, Murphy SD, Bolton D, O\u2019Neill SM. The economic burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28:191\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22008"},{"key":"9814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gospodarevskaya E, Segal L. Cost-utility analysis of different treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012;6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-15"},{"key":"9814_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414553948","volume":"49","author":"C Mihalopoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mihalopoulos C, Magnus A, Lal A, Dell L, Forbes D, Phelps A. Is implementation of the 2013 Australian treatment guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder costeffective compared to current practice? A cost-utility analysis using QALYs and DALYs. Australian New Zealand J Psychiatry. 2014;49:360\u201376.","journal-title":"Australian New Zealand J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9814_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","volume":"16","author":"Group EuroQoL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Group EuroQoL. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy. 1990;16:199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"9814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02956350","volume":"6","author":"J von der Schulenburg","year":"1998","unstructured":"von der Schulenburg J, Claes C, Greiner W, Uber A. Die deutsche Version des EuroQol-Fragebogens. Z Gesundh Wiss. 1998;6:3\u201320.","journal-title":"Z Gesundh Wiss"},{"key":"9814_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brazier J, Connell J, Papaioannou D, Mukuria C, Mulhern B, Peasgood T, Jones ML, Paisley S, O'Cathain A, Barkham M, et al. A systematic review, psychometric analysis and qualitative assessment of generic preference-based measures of health in mental health populations and the estimation of mapping functions from widely used specific measures. Health Technol Assess 2014, 18:vii-viii, xiii-xxv, 1\u2013188.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta18340"},{"key":"9814_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-195","volume":"15","author":"R Rosner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosner R, Konig HH, Neuner F, Schmidt U, Steil R. Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD symptoms after physical and sexual abuse: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:195.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"9814_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4349","volume":"76","author":"R Rosner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosner R, Rimane E, Frick U, Gutermann J, Hagl M, Renneberg B, et al. Effect of developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for youth with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual and physical abuse: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76:484\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"9814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig K, Graf von der Schulenburg JM, Greiner W. German value set for the EQ-5D-5L. Pharmacoeconomics. 2018;36:663\u201374.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0615-8"},{"key":"9814_CR14","unstructured":"Nader K, Kriegler J, Blake D, Pynoos R. Clinical administered PTSD scale, child and adoloescent version (CAPS-C). White River Junction: National Center for PTSD; 1994."},{"key":"9814_CR15","volume-title":"IBS-KJ. Interviews zu Belastungsst\u00f6rungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Diagnostik der aktuen und der posttraumatischen Belastungsst\u00f6rung","author":"R Steil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steil R, F\u00fcchsel G. IBS-KJ. Interviews zu Belastungsst\u00f6rungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Diagnostik der aktuen und der posttraumatischen Belastungsst\u00f6rung. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2006."},{"key":"9814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-004-0048-2","volume":"6","author":"AM Steinberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steinberg AM, Brymer MJ, Decker KB, Pynoos RS. The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2004;6:96\u2013100.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"9814_CR17","volume-title":"UPID - UCLA PTSD index for DSM IV","author":"M Ruf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruf M, Schauer M, Elbert T. UPID - UCLA PTSD index for DSM IV. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2010."},{"key":"9814_CR18","volume-title":"Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach TM. Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991."},{"key":"9814_CR19","volume-title":"Fragebogen f\u00fcr Jugendliche; deutsche Bearbeitung der Youth-Self Report Form der Child Behavior Checklist (YSR)","author":"M D\u00f6pfner","year":"1998","unstructured":"D\u00f6pfner M. Fragebogen f\u00fcr Jugendliche; deutsche Bearbeitung der Youth-Self Report Form der Child Behavior Checklist (YSR). K\u00f6ln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik; 1998."},{"key":"9814_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000173701","volume":"42","author":"M Bohus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Limberger MF, Stieglitz RD, Domsalla M, Chapman AL, et al. The short version of the borderline symptom list (BSL-23): development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology. 2009;42:32\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"9814_CR21","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II","author":"A Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck A, Steer R, Brown G. Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1996."},{"key":"9814_CR22","volume-title":"BDI-II: Beck depressions-Inventar revision","author":"M Hautzinger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C. BDI-II: Beck depressions-Inventar revision. Frankfurt: Harcourt Test Services; 2006."},{"key":"9814_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10601330802471162","volume":"25","author":"X Luo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luo X, Cappelleri JC. A practical guide on incorporating and evaluating patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials. Clin Res Regul Aff. 2008;25:197\u2013211.","journal-title":"Clin Res Regul Aff"},{"key":"9814_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2015.11.005","volume":"120","author":"H Grupp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grupp H, Konig HH, Konnopka A. Health care utilisation and costs in the general population in Germany. Health Policy. 2016;120:159\u201369.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"9814_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199231881.001.0001","volume-title":"Health measurment scales: a practical guide to their development and use","author":"DL Streiner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurment scales: a practical guide to their development and use. Oxfort: Oxford University Press; 2008."},{"key":"9814_CR26","unstructured":"Cohen J: Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"key":"9814_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470840481","volume-title":"Quality of life outcomes in clinical trials and health-care evaluation: a practical guide to analysis and interpretation","author":"SJ Walters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walters SJ. Quality of life outcomes in clinical trials and health-care evaluation: a practical guide to analysis and interpretation. Chichester: Wiley; 2009."},{"key":"9814_CR28","first-page":"582","volume":"41","author":"GR Norman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrwich KW. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003;41:582\u201392.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"9814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-006-9153-5","volume":"16","author":"DA Revicki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Revicki DA, Gnanasakthy A, Weinfurt K. Documenting the rationale and psychometric characteristics of patient reported outcomes for labeling and promotional claims: the PRO evidence dossier. Qual Life Res. 2007;16:717\u201323.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"9814_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","volume":"27","author":"T Fawcett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fawcett T. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recogn Lett. 2006;27:861\u201374.","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"9814_CR31","first-page":"22","volume":"61","author":"KT Brady","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 7):22\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"9814_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-1","volume":"12","author":"JA Haagsma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haagsma JA, Polinder S, Olff M, Toet H, Bonsel GJ, van Beeck EF. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and health-related quality of life: a two year follow up study of injury treated at the emergency department. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:1.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"9814_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1029-y","volume":"50","author":"E Monson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monson E, Brunet A, Caron J. Domains of quality of life and social support across the trauma spectrum. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50:1243\u20138.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"9814_CR34","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edn. Washington, DC; 2013."},{"key":"9814_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-59","volume":"11","author":"QA Le","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le QA, Doctor JN, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. Minimal clinically important differences for the EQ-5D and QWB-SA in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): results from a doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:59.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"9814_CR36","first-page":"Cd006726","volume":"12","author":"D Gillies","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, D'Abrew N. Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:Cd006726.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:40:22Z","timestamp":1629160822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09814-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The trial has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Catholic University Eichst\u00e4tt-Ingolstadt, the Freie Universitaet Berlin, and the Goethe University Frankfurt and is conducted according to the ICH Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and from parents or guardians of minors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and from parents or guardians of minors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"RR reported being paid fees for workshops and presentations on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment and coauthoring a book on cognitive processing therapy. RS reported being paid fees for workshops and presentations on PTSD treatment. No other disclosures were reported.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}