{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:07:19Z","timestamp":1790032039696,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T11:05:58Z","timestamp":1598699158000},"page":"1225-1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Sham-Controlled Trials of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0345-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie M. K.","family":"Tee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12","volume":"68","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson NA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(3):241\u201351.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.05.047","volume":"219","author":"S Greenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenberg S, Rosenblum KL, McInnis MG, Muzik M. The role of social relationships in bipolar disorder: a review. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(2):248\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v4.i1.1","volume":"4","author":"M Pompili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pompili M, Harnic D, Gonda X, Forte A, Dominici G, Innamorati M, et al. Impact of living with bipolar patients: making sense of caregivers' burden. World J Psychiatry. 2014;4(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9822_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(14)70007-2","volume":"169","author":"DE Kemp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemp DE. Managing the side effects associated with commonly used treatments for bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:S34\u201344.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"17","key":"9822_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064135","volume":"356","author":"GS Sachs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Gyulai L, et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(17):1711\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9822_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","volume":"125","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lefaucheur J-P, Andr\u00e9-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(11):2150\u2013206.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.1999.010203.x","volume":"1","author":"Z Nahas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nahas Z, Molloy MA, Hughes PL, Oliver NC, Arana GW, Risch SC, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: perspectives for application in the treatment of bipolar and unipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord. 1999;1(2):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"9822_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.115.015206","volume":"22","author":"S Hardy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hardy S, Bastick L, O'Neill-Kerr A, Sabesan P, Lankappa S, Palaniyappan L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice. BJPsych Advances. 2016;22(6):373\u20139.","journal-title":"BJPsych Advances"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000328951","volume":"64","author":"CL Allan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allan CL, Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;64(3):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9822_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.10.016","volume":"109","author":"KN Fountoulakis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Panagiotidis P, Kaprinis G. Treatment of bipolar depression: an update. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(1\u20132):21\u201334.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00651.x","volume":"11","author":"B Dell'Osso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dell'Osso B, Mundo E, D'Urso N, Pozzoli S, Buoli M, Ciabatti M, et al. Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9822_CR12","first-page":"21","volume":"109","author":"OT Dolberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with bipolar depression: a double blind, controlled study. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4 Suppl 1:94-95.Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Panagiotidis P, Kaprinis G. treatment of bipolar depression: an update. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(1\u20132):21\u201334.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.2.198","volume":"19","author":"RL Tamas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tamas RL, Menkes D, El-Mallakh RS. Stimulating research: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of slow transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed bipolar patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(2):198\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"9822_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00065","volume":"8","author":"L Beynel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beynel L, Chauvin A, Guyader N, et al. What saccadic eye movements tell us about TMS-induced neuromodulation of the DLPFC and mood changes: a pilot study in bipolar disorders. Front Integr Neurosci. 2014;8:65.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00011.x","volume":"5","author":"Z Nahas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(1):40\u20137.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"9822_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.11.1608","volume":"155","author":"N Grisaru","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grisaru N, Chudakov B, Yaroslavsky Y, Belmaker RH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in mania: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(11):1608\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00308-7","volume":"78","author":"N Michael","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michael N, Erfurth A. Treatment of bipolar mania with right prefrontal rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(3):253\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.019","volume":"128","author":"G Saba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saba G, Rocamora JF, Kalalou K, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an add-on therapy in the treatment of mania: a case series of eight patients. Psychiatry Res. 2004;128(2):199\u2013202.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.12.020","volume":"117","author":"SK Praharaj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Praharaj SK, Ram D, Arora M. Efficacy of high frequency (rapid) suprathreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right prefrontal cortex in bipolar mania: a randomized sham controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2009;117(3):146\u201350 Saba G, Rocamora JF, Kalalou K, et al. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an add-on therapy in the treatment of mania: a case series of eight patients. Psychiatry Res 2004;128(2):199\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00003.x","volume":"5","author":"A Kaptsan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaptsan A, Yaroslavsky Y, Applebaum J, Belmaker RH, Grisaru N. Right prefrontal TMS versus sham treatment of mania: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(1):36\u20139.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20300","volume":"15","author":"A McGirr","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGirr A, Karmani S, Arsappa R, Berlim MT, Thirthalli J, Muralidharan K, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in acute bipolar depression. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(1):85\u20136.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"9822_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.052","volume":"198","author":"PB Fitzgerald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Elliot D, McQueen S, Wambeek LE, Daskalakis ZJ. A negative double-blind controlled trial of sequential bilateral rTMS in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:158\u201362.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"9822_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30537","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30537","volume":"6","author":"SH Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu SH, Lai JB, Xu DR, Qi HL, Peterson BS, Bao AM, et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with quetiapine in treating bipolar II depression: a randomized, double-blinded, control study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30537.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9822_CR24","first-page":"896","volume":"12","author":"N Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li N, Wang XY, Qin ZZ, Song M. A 4-week single-blind randomized controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with lithium and quetiapine in treatment of patients with bipolar depression. Chin Ment Health J. 2013;12:896\u2013900.","journal-title":"Chin Ment Health J"},{"issue":"13","key":"9822_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.26","volume":"42","author":"DF Tavares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tavares DF, Myczkowski ML, Alberto RL, Valiengo L, Rios RM, Gordon P, et al. Treatment of bipolar depression with deep TMS: results from a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(13):2593\u2013601.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"9822_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11ac06874","volume":"72","author":"L Citrome","year":"2011","unstructured":"Citrome L. Number needed to treat: what it is and what it Isn't, and why every clinician should know how to calculate it. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:412\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"9822_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.07.011","volume":"40","author":"MJ Bown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bown MJ, Sutton AJ. Quality control in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40(5):669\u201377.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2015.13.3.245","volume":"13","author":"V Pathak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pathak V, Sinha VK, Praharaj SK. Efficacy of adjunctive high frequency repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation of right prefrontal cortex in adolescent mania: a randomized sham-controlled study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):245\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.07.004","volume":"7","author":"AM Speer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Speer AM, Wassermann EM, Benson BE, Herscovitch P, Post RM. Antidepressant efficacy of high and low frequency rTMS at 110% of motor threshold versus sham stimulation over left prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(1):36\u201341.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"9822_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000512","volume":"44","author":"MT Berlim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berlim MT, van den Eynde F, Tovar-Perdomo S, Daskalakis ZJ. Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2014;44(2):225\u201339.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7126","key":"9822_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7126.201","volume":"316","author":"B Sibbald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sibbald B, Roland M. Understanding controlled trials. Why are randomised controlled trials important? BMJ. 1998;316(7126):201.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9822_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.05.010","volume":"219","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Liu Z, Zhu D, Li Q, Zhang H, Huang H, et al. Bilateral vs. unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(1):51\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"9822_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ef2175","volume":"198","author":"RB Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen RB, Brunoni AR, Boggio PS, Fregni F. Clinical predictors associated with duration of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for remission in bipolar depression: a naturalistic study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(9):679\u201381.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"9822_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.07.395","volume":"128","author":"R Rostami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rostami R, Kazemi R, Nitsche MA, Gholipour F, Salehinejad MA. Clinical and demographic predictors of response to rTMS treatment in unipolar and bipolar depressive disorders. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(10):1961\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9822_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.012","volume":"58","author":"LL Altshuler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altshuler LL, Bookheimer SY, Townsend J, Proenza MA, Eisenberger N, Sabb F, et al. Blunted activation in orbitofrontal cortex during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(10):763\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9822_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.041","volume":"207","author":"RO Brady Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brady RO Jr, Tandon N, Masters GA, et al. Differential brain network activity across mood states in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"9822_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12612","volume":"20","author":"M Fornaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Novello S, Fusco A, Solmi M, Monaco F, et al. Incidence, prevalence and clinical correlates of antidepressant-emergent mania in bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord. 2018;20(3):195\u2013227.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1630179476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-020-09822-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research is a systematic review and meta-analysis, it does not involve direct intervention on human participants or animals, therefore informed consent is not necessary. This study is not funded.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}