{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:35:19Z","timestamp":1793385319681,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019609","name":"National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T22:02:21Z","timestamp":1689199341000},"page":"449-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Psychological Resilience in U.S. Military Veterans: Results from the 2019\u20132020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Georgescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12888","volume":"72","author":"G Aburn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aburn G, Gott M, Hoare K. What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72(5):980\u20131000.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10041_CR2","unstructured":"Block JH, Block J. The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: Psychol Press. 2014;49\u2013112."},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025762512279","volume":"16","author":"KM Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor KM, Davidson JR, Lee L-C. Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: A community survey. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(5):487\u201394.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10041_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039","volume":"76","author":"TQ Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu TQ, Zhang DJ, Wang JL. A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality Individ Differ. 2015;76:18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039.","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.4.730","volume":"91","author":"AD Ong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ong AD, Bergeman CS, Bisconti TL, Wallace KA. Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;91(4):730.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.992677","volume":"26","author":"GA Bonanno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonanno GA, Romero SA, Klein SI. The temporal elements of psychological resilience: An integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Inq. 2015;26(2):139\u201369.","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"issue":"9","key":"10041_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0383-7","volume":"24","author":"G Rakesh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakesh G, Morey RA, Zannas AS, Malik Z, Marx CE, Clausen AN, et al. Resilience as a translational endpoint in the treatment of PTSD. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(9):1268\u201383.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10041_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalisch R, M\u00fcller MB, T\u00fcscher O. A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behav Brain Sci. 2015;38.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X15000023"},{"issue":"11","key":"10041_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0200-8","volume":"1","author":"R Kalisch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalisch R, Baker DG, Basten U, Boks MP, Bonanno GA, Brummelman E, et al. The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nat Hum Behav. 2017;1(11):784\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.09.008","volume":"54","author":"K Lehavot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehavot K, Katon JG, Chen JA, Fortney JC, Simpson TL. Post-traumatic stress disorder by gender and veteran status. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(1):e1\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10041_CR11","unstructured":"Vespa JE. Those who served: America\u2019s veterans from World War II to the War on Terror. World War II (December 1941 to December 1946). 2020;485(463):22."},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.130906","volume":"205","author":"AB Amstadter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amstadter AB, Myers JM, Kendler KS. Psychiatric resilience: longitudinal twin study. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205(4):275\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.130906.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10041_CR13","unstructured":"Derogatis LR, Lipman R, Covi L. SCL-90. Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 1977."},{"key":"10041_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Overstreet C, DeViva JC, Amstadter A, McCarthy E, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. Resilience to traumatic stress in U.S. military veterans: Application of a novel classification approach in a nationally representative sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;140:301\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.004"},{"key":"10041_CR15","unstructured":"Schaeffer K. The changing face of America\u2019s veteran population. Pew Research Center. 2021. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2021\/04\/05\/the-changing-face-of-americas-veteran-population\/."},{"key":"10041_CR16","unstructured":"Weathers F, Blake D, Schnurr P, Kaloupek D, Marx B, Keane T. The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD. Retrieved September. 2013;6:2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.09.004","volume":"26","author":"D Forbes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forbes D, Elhai JD, Lockwood E, Creamer M, Frueh BC, Magruder KM. The structure of posttraumatic psychopathology in veterans attending primary care. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(1):95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.09.004.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10041_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.05.005","volume":"127","author":"D Forbes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, O\u2019Donnell M, Bryant R, McFarlane A, et al. A longitudinal analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship with Fear and Anxious-Misery disorders: Implications for DSM-V. J Affect Disord. 2010;127(1\u20133):147\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2010.05.005.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10041_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012591","volume":"117","author":"DM Grant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grant DM, Beck JG, Marques L, Palyo SA, Clapp JD. The structure of distress following trauma: posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(3):662\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012591.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10041_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054702110538","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470211053850","volume":"5","author":"MM Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas MM, Pietrzak RH, Nguyen DR, Ryan D, Southwick SM, Mazure CM. Psychological Resilience in West Point Graduates: Results From a Nationally Representative Study. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2021;5:24705470211053850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24705470211053850.","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2015.8.2.130","volume":"8","author":"SM Pennings","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pennings SM, Law KC, Green BA, Anestis MD. The impact of grit on the relationship between hopelessness and suicidality. Int J Cogn Ther. 2015;8(2):130\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634290","volume":"91","author":"AL Duckworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duckworth AL, Quinn PD. Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT\u2013S). J Pers Assess. 2009;91(2):166\u201374.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2012.75.2.135","volume":"75","author":"J Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, Pietrzak RH, Southwick SM. The Role of Coping, Resilience, and Social Support in Mediating the Relation Between PTSD and Social Functioning in Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 2012;75(2):135\u201349.","journal-title":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000152","volume":"9","author":"LM McAndrew","year":"2017","unstructured":"McAndrew LM, Markowitz S, Lu SE, Borders A, Rothman D, Quigley KS. Resilience during war: Better unit cohesion and reductions in avoidant coping are associated with better mental health function after combat deployment. Psychol Trauma. 2017;9(1):52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000152.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2649","volume":"10","author":"A Feder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS. Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(6):446\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1882.2012.00013.x","volume":"15","author":"MH Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li MH, Nishikawa T. The relationship between active coping and trait resilience across US and Taiwanese college student samples. J Coll Couns. 2012;15(2):157\u201371.","journal-title":"J Coll Couns"},{"key":"10041_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-006-0025-2","volume":"24","author":"V Follette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Follette V, Palm KM, Pearson AN. Mindfulness and trauma: Implications for treatment. J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther. 2006;24:45\u201361.","journal-title":"J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther"},{"key":"10041_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reyes AT, Cross CL. Relationships Among Rumination, Resilience, Mindfulness, and Perceived PTSD Symptoms in Military Veterans Returning to College A Cross-Sectional Study.\u00a0J\u00a0Psychosoc\u00a0Nurs\u00a0Ment\u00a0Health Serv.\u00a02022:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/02793695-20221027-05","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20221027-05"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-014-0346-7","volume":"6","author":"M Schoorl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoorl M, Mil-Klinkenberg V, Van Der Does W. Mindfulness skills, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive reactivity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Mindfulness. 2015;6(5):1004\u201311.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"3","key":"10041_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy\/bph080","volume":"11","author":"AM Hayes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayes AM, Feldman G. Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):255\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clipsy\/bph080.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-010-9204-3","volume":"26","author":"S Tonidandel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tonidandel S, LeBreton JM. Relative importance analysis: A useful supplement to regression analysis. J Bus Psychol. 2011;26(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.53","volume":"1","author":"TM Keane","year":"1989","unstructured":"Keane TM, Fairbank JA, Caddell JM, Zimering RT, Taylor KL, Mora CA. Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989;1(1):53.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10041_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092999","volume":"97","author":"R Kimerling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kimerling R, Gima K, Smith MW, Street A, Frayne S. The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(12):2160\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10041_CR35","unstructured":"Weathers F, Litz B, Keane T, Palmieri T, Marx B, Schnurr P. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 2013 Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. 2013."},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","volume":"28","author":"CA Blevins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(6):489\u201398.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"11","key":"10041_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254","volume":"28","author":"MJ Bovin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000254.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10041_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;1284\u201392.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","volume":"146","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, L\u00f6we B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10041_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.10.005","volume":"37","author":"AA Contractor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contractor AA, Armour C, Shea MT, Mota N, Pietrzak RH. Latent profiles of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and the \u201cBig Five\u201d personality traits. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;37:10\u201320.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10041_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e475","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx201","volume":"183","author":"E Mattson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mattson E, James L, Engdahl B. Personality Factors and Their Impact on PTSD and Post-traumatic Growth is Mediated by Coping Style Among OIF\/OEF Veterans. Mil Med. 2018;183(9\u201310):e475\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usx201.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10041_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.048","volume":"127","author":"A Oshio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oshio A, Taku K, Hirano M, Saeed G. Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality Individ Differ. 2018;127:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.048.","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000995","volume":"13","author":"LK Kachadourian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kachadourian LK, Harpaz-Rotem I, Tsai J, Southwick S, Pietrzak RH. Mindfulness as a Mediator Between Trauma Exposure and Mental Health Outcomes: Results From the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2021;13(2):223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000995.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","volume":"84","author":"KW Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10041_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice V, Boykin G, Jeter A, Villarreal J, Overby C, Alfred P, editors. The relationship between mindfulness and resiliency among active duty service members and military veterans. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting; 2013: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571307"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.09.015","volume":"129","author":"DJ Kearney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kearney DJ, Simpson TL, Malte CA, Felleman B, Martinez ME, Hunt SC. Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in Addition to Usual Care Is Associated with Improvements in Pain, Fatigue, and Cognitive Failures Among Veterans with Gulf War Illness. Am J Med. 2016;129(2):204\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.09.015.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10041_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.011","volume":"59","author":"SB Goldberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.011.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2","volume":"51","author":"L Hilton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hilton L, Hempel S, Ewing BA, Apaydin E, Xenakis L, Newberry S, et al. Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(2):199\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314542822","volume":"21","author":"SA Hooker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hooker SA, Masters KS. Purpose in life is associated with physical activity measured by accelerometer. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(6):962\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105314542822.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1095","volume":"22","author":"R Ishida","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ishida R, Okada M. Effects of a firm purpose in life on anxiety and sympathetic nervous activity caused by emotional stress: assessment by psycho-physiological method. Stress and health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2006;22(4):275\u201381.","journal-title":"Stress and health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.01.008","volume":"48","author":"MY Ho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho MY, Cheung FM, Cheung SF. The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality Individ Differ. 2010;48(5):658\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2010.01.008.","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.09.010","volume":"31","author":"IC Fischer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fischer IC, Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, McCutcheon VE, Schulenberg SE, Pietrzak RH. Perceived purpose in life, mental health, and suicidality in older US military veterans: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):87\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","volume":"44","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(1):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10041_CR54","unstructured":"Marshall M. Logotherapy revisited: Review of the tenets of Viktor E. Frankl's logotherapy. 2012."},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.651434","volume":"16","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinquart M, Forstmeier S. Effects of reminiscence interventions on psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2012;16(5):541\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2011.651434.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"10041_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.08.391","volume":"23","author":"HM Chochinov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chochinov HM, Hack T, Hassard T, Kristjanson LJ, McClement S, Harlos M. Dignity therapy: a novel psychotherapeutic intervention for patients near the end of life. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(24):5520\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2005.08.391.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033830","volume":"6","author":"KH Koo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koo KH, Nguyen HV, Gilmore AK, Blayney JA, Kaysen DL. Posttraumatic Cognitions, Somatization, and PTSD severity among Asian American and White College Women with Sexual Trauma Histories. Psychol Trauma. 2014;6(4):337\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033830.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22166","volume":"30","author":"JS Milligan-Saville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Milligan-Saville JS, Paterson HM, Harkness EL, Marsh AM, Dobson M, Kemp RI, et al. The Amplification of Common Somatic Symptoms by Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Firefighters. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(2):142\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22166.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10041_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.09.030","volume":"143","author":"ACM Ao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ao ACM, Graham K. The ambivalence about accepting the prevalence somatic symptoms in PTSD: Is PTSD a somatic disorder? J Psychiatr Res. 2021;143:388\u201394.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4172\/1522-4821.1000118","volume":"16","author":"E Ask","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ask E, Gudmundsdottir D. A longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress symptoms and their predictors in rescue workers after a firework factory disaster. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2014;16(2):316\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10041_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22191","volume":"30","author":"I Bugge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bugge I, Dyb G, Stensland SO, Ekeberg O, Wentzel-Larsen T, Diseth TH. Physical Injury and Somatic Complaints: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Young Survivors of a Terror Attack. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(3):229\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22191.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-7358(00)00071-4","volume":"21","author":"TJ Sharp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(6):857\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-7358(00)00071-4.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608717","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1608717","volume":"10","author":"LM McAndrew","year":"2019","unstructured":"McAndrew LM, Lu SE, Phillips LA, Maestro K, Quigley KS. Mutual maintenance of PTSD and physical symptoms for Veterans returning from deployment. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2019;10(1):1608717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2019.1608717.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634290","volume":"91","author":"AL Duckworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duckworth AL, Quinn PD. Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit-s). J Pers Assess. 2009;91(2):166\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890802634290.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1087","volume":"92","author":"AL Duckworth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duckworth AL, Peterson C, Matthews MD, Kelly DR. Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(6):1087\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1087.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100112","volume":"73","author":"AC Kline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kline AC, Panza KE, Nichter B, Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, Norman SB, et al. Mental Health Care Use Among US Military Veterans: Results From the 2019\u20132020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychiatr Serv. 2022;73(6):628\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.202100112.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"10041_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00004","volume":"147","author":"CT Cigolle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cigolle CT, Langa KM, Kabeto MU, Tian Z, Blaum CS. Geriatric conditions and disability: the Health and Retirement Study. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(3):156\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00004.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.5","volume":"71","author":"AL Byers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Byers AL, Covinsky KE, Neylan TC, Yaffe K. Chronicity of posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of disability in older persons. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(5):540\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.5.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"9","key":"10041_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04791.x","volume":"48","author":"Y Ostchega","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ostchega Y, Harris TB, Hirsch R, Parsons VL, Kington R. The prevalence of functional limitations and disability in older persons in the US: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1132\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04791.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21888","volume":"27","author":"RK Blais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blais RK, Renshaw KD, Jakupcak M. Posttraumatic stress and stigma in active-duty service members relate to lower likelihood of seeking support. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(1):116\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21888.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"9","key":"10041_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701553189","volume":"21","author":"BM Stalnacke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stalnacke BM. Community integration, social support and life satisfaction in relation to symptoms 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21(9):933\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699050701553189.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10041_CR72","unstructured":"Berkowitz S, Bryant R, Brymer M, Hamblen J, Jacobs A, Layne C, et al. The national center for PTSD & the national child traumatic stress network, skills for psychological recovery: Field operations guide. Washington, DC and London: American Psychiatric Pub. 2010."},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000178","volume":"15","author":"CE Drebing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drebing CE, Reilly E, Henze KT, Kelly M, Russo A, Smolinsky J, et al. Using peer support groups to enhance community integration of veterans in transition. Psychol Serv. 2018;15(2):135\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000178.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"key":"10041_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000618","author":"CE Drebing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drebing CE, Mamon D, Calixte RM, Tuval-Mashiach R, Patton B, Scoglio AAJ, et al. Pilot outcomes of a filmmaking intervention designed to enhance treatment entry and social reintegration of veterans. Psychol Serv. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000618.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140008","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0008","volume":"4","author":"BT Litz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Litz BT. Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: a critical review and commentary. Interface Focus. 2014;4(5):20140008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0008.","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"10041_CR76","unstructured":"Sheehan D, Lecrubier Y, Janavs J, Baker N, Harnett Sheehan K, Knapp E, et al. Mini international neuropsychiatric interview english version 7.0. 2 for DSM-5. University of South Florida College of Medicine. 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00046-1","volume":"37","author":"SD Gosling","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ, Swann WB. A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. J Res Pers. 2003;37(6):504\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20271","volume":"20","author":"L Campbell-Sills","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campbell-Sills L, Stein MB. Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(6):1019\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.20271.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"5","key":"10041_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-010-9231-9","volume":"12","author":"SE Schulenberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schulenberg SE, Schnetzer LW, Buchanan EM. The purpose in life test-short form: development and psychometric support. J Happiness Stud. 2011;12(5):861\u201376.","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.1.112","volume":"82","author":"ME McCullough","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Tsang J-A. The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;82(1):112.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.6.1063","volume":"67","author":"MF Scheier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(6):1063.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.04.011","volume":"43","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kashdan TB, Gallagher MW, Silvia PJ, Winterstein BP, Breen WE, Terhar D, et al. The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. J Res Pers. 2009;43(6):987\u201398.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10041_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.2.270","volume":"59","author":"C Hazan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hazan C, Shaver PR. Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;59(2):270.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10041_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B","volume":"32","author":"CD Sherbourne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(6):705\u201314.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000192489.43179.31","volume":"14","author":"LP Montross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Montross LP, Depp C, Daly J, Reichstadt J, Golshan S, Moore D, et al. Correlates of self-rated successful aging among community-dwelling older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(1):43\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10041_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.14461","volume":"14","author":"SL Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown SL, Nesse RM, Vinokur AD, Smith DM. Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: Results from a prospective study of mortality. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(4):320\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/rel1010078","volume":"1","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koenig HG, B\u00fcssing A. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a five-item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions. 2010;1(1):78\u201385.","journal-title":"Religions"},{"issue":"13","key":"10041_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.13.1596","volume":"291","author":"SE Hardy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hardy SE, Gill TM. Recovery from disability among community-dwelling older persons. JAMA. 2004;291(13):1596\u2013602.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10041_CR89","unstructured":"Lr D. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)-18 Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual. 2001."},{"issue":"1","key":"10041_CR90","first-page":"18","volume":"4","author":"G Godin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godin G. The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada. 2011;4(1):18\u201322.","journal-title":"The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1693023129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10041-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interest"}}]}}