{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:35:38Z","timestamp":1790634938430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T11:17:21Z","timestamp":1738322241000},"page":"227-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conscientiousness, Public Service Motivation, Resilience, and Work Engagement among Volunteers in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Mreydem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa","family":"Kamal Eddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7702-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moussa","family":"Hojeij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascale","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seockhoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.215","author":"J Wilson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilson J, Volunteering. Ann Rev Sociol. 2000;26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.215","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10115_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1202_4","volume":"12","author":"SG Post","year":"2005","unstructured":"Post SG. Altuism, happiness, and health: it\u2019s good to be good. Int J Behav Med. 2005;12(2):66\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1202_4","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10115_CR3","first-page":"29","volume":"2","author":"R Cnaan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cnaan R, Handy F. Towards understanding episodic volunteering. Vrijwillige Inzet Onderzocht. 2005;2:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Vrijwillige Inzet Onderzocht"},{"key":"10115_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhzoumi J, Talhouk S, Zurayk R, Sadek R. Landscape Approach to Bio-Cultural Diversity Conservation in Rural Lebanon. 2012.","DOI":"10.5772\/33343"},{"key":"10115_CR5","unstructured":"Leonhardt D, Yar S. Lebanon\u2019s Crisis. The New York Times. 2021."},{"key":"10115_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AbiYagh M-N, Yammine L, Jagarnathsingh R. Civil Society in Lebanon: the implementation trap. Civil Soc Knowl Centre. 2019;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28943\/CSKC.002.70000","DOI":"10.28943\/CSKC.002.70000"},{"key":"10115_CR7","unstructured":"a.basaleh. How You Can Help Syrian Refugees In Lebanon: Bonyan Organization; 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/bonyan.ngo\/displaced-and-refugees\/syrian-refugees-in-lebanon\/"},{"key":"10115_CR8","unstructured":"Clarke C, Queisser M, Adema W. COVID-19, employment and women in OECD countries2020 04-22-2020."},{"key":"10115_CR9","unstructured":"Tierney S, Mahtani KR. Volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic: What are the potential benefits to people\u2019s well-being?2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/covid-19\/volunteering-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-what-are-the-potential-benefits-to-peoples-well-being\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"10115_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15597-9","volume":"23","author":"M Tetui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tetui M, Tennant R, Patten A, Giilck B, Burns CM, Waite N, et al. Role satisfaction among community volunteers working in mass COVID-19 vaccination clinics, Waterloo Region, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15597-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10115_CR11","unstructured":"McKernan B. \u2018Martyrs for corruption\u2019: the family mourning three firefighters missing in Beirut explosion. The Gurdian. 2020."},{"key":"10115_CR12","unstructured":"Simons JW, Faour NA. Female firefighter dubbed \u2018Bride of Beirut\u2019 is buried in emotional funeral as her heroic colleagues who broke into doomed warehouse as blaze took hold are named. Mail Online 2020, Accessed 1st March, 2024. https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-8599961\/Hero-firefighters-trying-open-door-doomed-Beirut-warehouse-tragic-photo-named.html"},{"key":"10115_CR13","unstructured":"US$246 Million to Support Poor and Vulnerable Lebanese Households and Build-Up the Social Safety Net Delivery System. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2021\/01\/12\/us246-million-to-support-poor-and-vulnerable-lebanese-households-and-build-up-the-social-safety-net-delivery-system"},{"issue":"5","key":"10115_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119876076","volume":"123","author":"MD Hetzel-Riggin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hetzel-Riggin MD, Swords BA, Tuang HL, Deck JM, Spurgeon NS. Work Engagement and Resiliency Impact the relationship between nursing stress and burnout. Psychol Rep. 2020;123(5):1835\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033294119876076","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"10115_CR15","unstructured":"Motivation in Public Management. In: Perry JL, Hondeghem A, editors. The call of Public Service. Oxford University Press; 2008. p. 31. 2023."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10115_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.043","volume":"141","author":"JJ Hakanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hakanen JJ, Schaufeli WB. Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2012;141(2\u20133):415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.043","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"10115_CR17","first-page":"1344","volume":"7","author":"NR Zaidi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaidi NR, Wajid RA, Zaidi FB, Zaidi GB, Zaidi MT. The big five personality traits and their relationship with work engagement among public sector university teachers of Lahore. Afr J Bus Manage. 2013;7(15):1344.","journal-title":"Afr J Bus Manage"},{"key":"10115_CR18","first-page":"922","volume":"29","author":"M Halis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halis M, \u00c7amlibel Z, Bukey A. The effect of personality characteristics on volunteer motivation: a study on NGO employees in the COVID-19 pandemic process. Revista Argentina De Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica. 2020;29:922\u201334.","journal-title":"Revista Argentina De Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10115_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x","volume":"60","author":"F Luthans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Avey JB, Norman SM. Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Pers Psychol. 2007;60(3):541\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10115_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.2.144","volume":"70","author":"SG Kwak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwak SG, Kim JH. Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017;70(2):144\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.2.144","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10115_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282471","volume":"66","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schaufeli WB, Bakker AB, Salanova M. The measurement of Work Engagement with a short questionnaire: a cross-national study. Educ Psychol Meas. 2006;66(4):701\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164405282471","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"10115_CR22","first-page":"191","volume":"5","author":"A Eman-Nafa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eman-Nafa A. Psychometrics of Arabic Version of the UWES-9. Int J Application or Innov Eng Manage. 2016;5:191\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Application or Innov Eng Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10115_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","volume":"41","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rammstedt B, John OP. Measuring personality in one minute or less: a 10-item short version of the big five inventory in English and German. J Res Pers. 2007;41(1):203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"10115_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.19080\/PBSIJ.2018.09.555766","volume":"9","author":"A Abdel-Khalek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdel-Khalek A, The Arabic Big Five Personality Inventory (ABFPI). Setting the stage. Psychol Behav Sci Int J. 2018;9:001\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19080\/PBSIJ.2018.09.555766","journal-title":"Psychol Behav Sci Int J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10115_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10115_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.234","volume":"125","author":"M Summaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Summaka M, Zein H, Abbas LA, Elias C, Elias E, Fares Y, et al. Validity and reliability of the Arabic Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in patients with spinal cord Injury in Lebanon. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:e1016\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.234","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10115_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10115_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.030","volume":"239","author":"H Sawaya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawaya H, Atoui M, Hamadeh A, Zeinoun P, Nahas Z. Adaptation and initial validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire\u2013 9 (PHQ-9) and the generalized anxiety disorder\u2013 7 questionnaire (GAD-7) in an arabic speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample. Psychiatry Res. 2016;239:245\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.030","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10115_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303","volume":"6","author":"JL Perry","year":"1996","unstructured":"Perry JL. Measuring Public Service Motivation: an Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity. J Public Adm Res Theory: J-PART. 1996;6(1):5\u201322.","journal-title":"J Public Adm Res Theory: J-PART"},{"issue":"2","key":"10115_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","volume":"18","author":"KM Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.10113","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"10115_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205979911774140","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799117741406","volume":"10","author":"G Toma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toma G, Guetterman TC, Yaqub T, Talaat N, Fetters MD. A systematic approach for accurate translation of instruments: experience with translating the Connor\u2013Davidson Resilience Scale into Arabic. Methodological Innovations. 2017;10(3):2059799117741406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2059799117741406","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations"},{"issue":"4","key":"10115_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2019.09.010","volume":"6","author":"N Othman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Othman N, Nasurdin AM. Job characteristics and staying engaged in work of nurses: empirical evidence from Malaysia. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(4):432\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnss.2019.09.010","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"10115_CR33","first-page":"65","volume":"5","author":"S Shukla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shukla S, Adhikari B, Singh V. Employee Engagement-Role of demographic variables and personality factors. Amity Global HRM Rev. 2015;5:65\u201373.","journal-title":"Amity Global HRM Rev"},{"key":"10115_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu X, Yu H, Shan B. Relationship between Employee Mental Health and Job Performance: mediation role of innovative Behavior and Work Engagement. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116599","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116599"},{"key":"10115_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060941","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1060941","volume":"13","author":"M Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding M, Wang C. Can public service motivation increase work engagement?-A meta-analysis across cultures. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1060941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1060941","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10115_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202048","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1202048","volume":"14","author":"E Cabrera-Aguilar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabrera-Aguilar E, Zevallos-Francia M, Morales-Garcia M, Ramirez-Coronel AA, Morales-Garcia SB, Sairitupa-Sanchez LZ, et al. Resilience and stress as predictors of work engagement: the mediating role of self-efficacy in nurses. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1202048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1202048","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10115_CR37","volume-title":"Consciousness and morality. Oxford Handbook of the philosophy of consciousness","author":"J Shepherd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shepherd J, Levy N. Consciousness and morality. Oxford Handbook of the philosophy of consciousness. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"10115_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2010.02196.x","volume":"70","author":"JL Perry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perry JL, Hondeghem A, Wise LR. Revisiting the Motivational Bases of Public Service: twenty years of Research and an agenda for the future. Public Adm Rev. 2010;70(5):681\u201390.","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T05:56:00Z","timestamp":1742709360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10115-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None of the authors have conflicts of interest to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study is an online survey study involving human participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants and\/or Animals"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved and exempted by the Institutional Review Board of the Sahel General Hospital (Ref. Num: 4\/2023). Requirement for written informed consent was waived per the national legislation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) () to improve readability and language. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing"}}]}}