{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:06:13Z","timestamp":1787659573558,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T23:29:34Z","timestamp":1749684574000},"page":"349-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Quality, Usefulness, and Reliability of Large Language Models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini) in Answering General Questions Regarding Dyslexia and Dyscalculia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alrubaian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10170_CR1","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American psychiatric association; 2013."},{"issue":"21","key":"10170_CR2","first-page":"591","volume":"21","author":"F Edition","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2013;21(21):591\u2013643.","journal-title":"Am Psychiatric Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103537","volume":"9","author":"K Moll","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moll K, Kunze S, Neuhoff N, Bruder J, Schulte-K\u00f6rne G. Specific learning disorder: prevalence and gender differences. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e103537.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414547221","volume":"49","author":"K Moll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moll K, G\u00f6bel SM, Gooch D, Landerl K, Snowling MJ. Cognitive risk factors for specific learning disorder: processing speed, Temporal processing, and working memory. J Learn Disabil. 2016;49(3):272\u201381.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176221100128","volume":"45","author":"LM Scaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scaria LM, Bhaskaran D, George B. Prevalence of specific learning disorders (SLD) among children in india: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Indian J Psychol Med. 2023;45(3):213\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12322","volume":"109","author":"K Morsanyi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morsanyi K, van Bers BM, McCormack T, McGourty J. The prevalence of specific learning disorder in mathematics and comorbidity with other developmental disorders in primary school-age children. Br J Psychol. 2018;109(4):917\u201340.","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_199_19","volume":"42","author":"D Chacko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chacko D, Vidhukumar K. The prevalence of specific learning disorder among school-going children in Ernakulam district, kerala, india: Ernakulam learning disorder (ELD) study. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020;42(3):250\u20135.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"10170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.120","volume":"297","author":"P Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao P, Zhu K, Liu Q, Xie X, Jiang Q, Feng Y, et al. Association between developmental dyslexia and anxiety\/depressive symptoms among children in china: the chain mediating of time spent on homework and stress. J Affect Disord. 2022;297:495\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10170_CR9","first-page":"141","volume":"17","author":"RF de Lima","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Lima RF, Salgado-Azoni CA, Dell\u2019Agli BAV, Baptista MN, Ciasca SM. Behavior problems and depressive symptoms in developmental dyslexia: risk assessment in Brazilian students. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2020;17(3):141\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107811","volume":"155","author":"M Couvignou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Couvignou M, Kolinsky R. Comorbidity and cognitive overlap between developmental dyslexia and congenital amusia in children. Neuropsychologia. 2021;155:107811.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16729-8","volume":"12","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Huo S, Wu KC, Mo J, Wong WL, Maurer U. Behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of working memory impairment in children with dyslexia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):12571.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711423625","volume":"16","author":"MP Pond\u00e9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pond\u00e9 MP, Cruz-Freire AC, Silveira AA. Relationship between learning problems and attention deficit in childhood. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(6):505\u20139.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, He M, Li A, Lin Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Personality. Behavior characteristics, and life quality impact of children with dyslexia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041415"},{"issue":"4","key":"10170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5369","volume":"18","author":"S Kanthawala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanthawala S, Vermeesch A, Given B, Huh J. Answers to health questions: internet search results versus online health community responses. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(4):e95.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10170_CR15","unstructured":"Fox S, Rainie L. Vital decisions: how internet users decide what information to trust when they or their loved ones are sick: plus a guide from the medical library association about smart Health-Search strategies and good web sites (page 32). Pew Internet & American Life Project; 2002."},{"issue":"4","key":"10170_CR16","first-page":"e1312","volume":"9","author":"A Holzinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holzinger A, Langs G, Denk H, Zatloukal K, M\u00fcller H. Causability and explainability of artificial intelligence in medicine. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Min Knowl Discovery. 2019;9(4):e1312.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Min Knowl Discovery"},{"key":"10170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1308\/147870804290","volume":"86","author":"J Holmes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holmes J, Sacchi L, Bellazzi R. Artificial intelligence in medicine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86:334\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509744","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00027","volume":"7","author":"G Briganti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Briganti G, Le Moine O. Artificial intelligence in medicine: today and tomorrow. Front Med. 2020;7:509744.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00029-2","volume":"4","author":"S Reddy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reddy S. Explainability and artificial intelligence in medicine. Lancet Digit Health. 2022;4(4):e214\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03172-7","volume":"51","author":"SS Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas SS. Role of chat Gpt in public health. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;51(5):868\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10170_CR21","unstructured":"Gupta N, Choudhuri SS, Hamsavath PN, Varghese A. Fundamentals of chat GPT for beginners using AI. Academic Guru Publishing House; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00310-z","volume":"11","author":"M Imran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Imran M, Almusharraf N. Google gemini as a next generation AI educational tool: a review of emerging educational technology. Smart Learn Environ. 2024;11(1):22.","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"10170_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeidnia HR. Welcome to the Gemini era: Google DeepMind and the information industry. Library Hi Tech News. 2023(ahead-of-print).","DOI":"10.1108\/LHTN-12-2023-0214"},{"key":"10170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy RD, Gupta SD, Das D, Chowdhury PD, Chat GPT. Gemini or Meta AI: A comparison of AI platforms as a tool for answering higher-order questions in microbiology. J Postgrad Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.jpgm_775_24"},{"issue":"11","key":"10170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41780","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041780","volume":"104","author":"E Ozduran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozduran E, Akkoc I, B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7oban S, Erkin Y, Hanci V. Readability, reliability and quality of responses generated by chatgpt, gemini, and perplexity for the most frequently asked questions about pain. Med (Baltim). 2025;104(11):e41780.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10170_CR26","first-page":"e76380","volume":"16","author":"A Eryilmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eryilmaz A, Aydin M, Turemis C, Surucu S. ChatGPT-4.0 vs. Google: which provides more academic answers to patients\u2019 questions on arthroscopic Meniscus. Repair? Cureus. 2024;16(12):e76380.","journal-title":"Repair? Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-025-04198-4","volume":"35","author":"AM \u00c7\u0131rac\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c7\u0131rac\u0131o\u011flu AM, Dal Erdo\u011fan S. Evaluation of the reliability, usefulness, quality and readability of chatgpt\u2019s responses on scoliosis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2025;35(1):123.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50884-w","volume":"14","author":"C Onder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Onder C, Koc G, Gokbulut P, Taskaldiran I, Kuskonmaz S. Evaluation of the reliability and readability of ChatGPT-4 responses regarding hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):243.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"10170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33529","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033529","volume":"102","author":"Y Erkin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Erkin Y, Hanci V, Ozduran E. Evaluating the readability, quality and reliability of online patient education materials on transcutaneuous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Medicine. 2023;102(16):e33529.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14749","volume":"26","author":"C Uz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uz C, Umay E. Dr chatgpt: is it a reliable and useful source for common rheumatic diseases? Int J Rheum Dis. 2023;26(7):1343\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10170_CR31","unstructured":"Lang D, Chien G, LazyData T, Lang MD. Package \u2018wordcloud2\u2019. R package version 02. 2018;1."},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.jpgm_775_24","volume":"71","author":"RD Roy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roy RD, Gupta SD, Das D, Chowdhury PD, Chat GPT. Gemini or Meta AI: A comparison of AI platforms as a tool for answering higher-order questions in microbiology. J Postgrad Med. 2025;71(1):28\u201332.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10170_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae128","volume":"31","author":"SP McGrath","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGrath SP, Kozel BA, Gracefo S, Sutherland N, Danford CJ, Walton N. A comparative evaluation of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 in responses to selected genetics questions. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2024;31(10):2271\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"key":"10170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjao.2024.100280","volume":"10","author":"TP Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen TP, Carvalho B, Sukhdeo H, Joudi K, Guo N, Chen M, et al. Comparison of artificial intelligence large Language model chatbots in answering frequently asked questions in anaesthesia. BJA Open. 2024;10:100280.","journal-title":"BJA Open"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1783008414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-025-10170-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval from the institutional review board (IRB) was not required for this study, as all the responses obtained from ChatGPT and Gemini were publicly accessible and did not involve private or sensitive data. Ethical review or formal approval was deemed unnecessary since the information was freely available to the public.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The author declares that she has no competing financial interests or known personal relationships that would appear to influence the work reported in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}