{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:19:46Z","timestamp":1787843986199,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social support is known to be able to buffer against psychological stressors, but further study is needed on how different types of social support and mental health change together over time, especially in special populations like U.S. veterans. Social support can also be divided into four types: Emotional Support\/Informational Support, Positive Social Interaction, Tangible Support, and Affectionate Support. Using a longitudinal, nationally representative sample of 735 low-income U.S. veterans over 2 years (2021\u20132023), this study examined the association between changes in these four types of social support in relation to changes in symptoms of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder, and overall physical and mental health-related quality of life. The results found that decreased Emotional\/Informational Support, Positive Social Interaction, and Tangible Support were all associated with decreases in depressive symptoms. In contrast, changes in the four types of social support were not associated with changes in other mental health symptoms. Together, these findings indicate the important role that social support may play, specifically in major depression, and underlines the importance of helping low-income U.S. veterans develop strong social networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:44:23Z","timestamp":1787841863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal association between concurrent changes in social support and mental health symptoms among low-income U.S. veterans: a 2-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijeta","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Faruk","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahed","family":"Maroufy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10310_CR1","volume-title":"Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community","author":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG)","year":"2023","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2023."},{"key":"10310_CR2","unstructured":"United Nations. United Nations System Mental Health and Well-Being Strategy for 2024 and Beyond. 2024. https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/un_system_mental_health_and_well_being_strategy_for_2024.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2025."},{"key":"10310_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ensuring vital mental health and psychosocial support reaches people in need. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/newsletters. Accessed 17 Nov 2025."},{"key":"10310_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1736-5","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1736-5.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10310_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1023","volume":"295","author":"CW Hoge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006;295:1023\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.295.9.1023.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10310_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-022-00004-9","volume":"1","author":"PJ Na","year":"2022","unstructured":"Na PJ, Tsai J, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. Provision of social support and mental health in U.S. military veterans. NPJ Ment Health Res. 2022;1:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44184-022-00004-9.","journal-title":"NPJ Ment Health Res"},{"key":"10310_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1555","volume":"35","author":"J Tsai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. US veterans\u2019 use of VA mental health services and disability compensation increased from 2001 to 2010. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001;35:966\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1555.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10310_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqy160","volume":"68","author":"G Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson G, Hill M, Kiernan MD. Loneliness and social isolation of military veterans: systematic narrative review. Occup Med (Lond). 2018;68(9):600\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqy160.","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10310_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190033","volume":"13","author":"LA Rico-Uribe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rico-Uribe LA, Caballero FF, Mart\u00edn-Mar\u00eda N, Cabello M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M. Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190033.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10310_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-b","volume":"32","author":"CD Sherbourne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(6):705\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-b.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10310_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-024-01318-y","volume":"60","author":"J Tsai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsai J, Li Y, Maroufy V. Prevalence of four types of social support and their relation to mental health among low-income U.S. veterans: implications for community health. Community Ment Health J. 2024;60(8):1652\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-024-01318-y.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"10310_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.017","volume":"213","author":"J Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai J, Hooshyar D. Prevalence of eviction, home foreclosure, and homelessness among low-income US veterans: the National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences study. Public Health. 2022;213:181\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.017.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10310_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22912","volume":"51","author":"J Tsai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsai J, Kelton K. Service use and barriers to care among homeless veterans: results from the National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences (NV-HOPE) study. J Community Psychol. 2023;51(1):507\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22912.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10310_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S302","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.5.S302","volume":"54","author":"LM Martire","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martire LM, Schulz R, Mittelmark MB, Newsom JT. Stability and change in older adults\u2019 social contact and social support: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1999;54(5):S302\u201311.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10310_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15786","volume":"79","author":"TH Dao-Tran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dao-Tran TH, Lam LT, Balasooriya NN, Comans T. The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS): a psychometric systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(12):4521\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15786.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10310_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731507309830","volume":"18","author":"CD Gjesfjeld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gjesfjeld CD, Greeno CG, Kim KH. A confirmatory factor analysis of an abbreviated social support instrument: the MOS-SSS. Res Soc Work Pract. 2007;18(3):231\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731507309830.","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"key":"10310_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","volume":"39","author":"F Plummer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10310_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10310_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.003","volume":"203","author":"L Manea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manea L, Gilbody S, Hewitt C, North A, Plummer F, Richardson R, et al. Identifying depression with the PHQ-2: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;203:382\u201395.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"16","key":"10310_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","volume":"158","author":"K Bush","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10310_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption\u2014II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10310_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","volume":"28","author":"CA Blevins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(6):489\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22059.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10310_CR23","volume-title":"How to score and interpret single-item health status measures","author":"JE Ware","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ware JE, Kosinski M, Dewey JE, Gandek B. How to score and interpret single-item health status measures. Lincoln (RI): QualityMetric Incorporated; 2001."},{"key":"10310_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.4.478","volume":"154","author":"LK George","year":"1989","unstructured":"George LK, Blazer DG, Hughes DC, Fowler N. Social support and the outcome of major depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:478\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.154.4.478.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10310_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.049","volume":"175","author":"ZI Santini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santini ZI, Koyanagi A, Tyrovolas S, Mason C, Haro JM. The association between social relationships and depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2015;175(1):53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.049.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10310_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21224","volume":"23","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J. Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications. World Psychiatry. 2024;23(3):312\u201332.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10310_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01778-8","volume":"55","author":"J Nuyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nuyen J, Reeves WC, et al. The bidirectional relationship between loneliness and common mental disorders in adults: findings from a longitudinal population-based cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55(10):1297\u2013310.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10310_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920974662","volume":"136","author":"JA Pooler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pooler JA, Srinivasan M, Miller Z, Mian P. Prevalence and risk factors for food insecurity among low-income US military veterans. Public Health Rep. 2021;136(5):522\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354920974662.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10310_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.03.004","volume":"65","author":"DJ Govier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Govier DJ, Than CT, Chawla N, et al. Veterans Health Administration healthcare coverage and medical financial hardship in low-income veterans. Am J Prev Med. 2023;65(3):406\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.03.004.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:44:25Z","timestamp":1787841865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10310-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Authors had no direct contact with participants and study procedures were deemed exempt by the institutional review board at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}