{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:13:12Z","timestamp":1790871192965,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Usak University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plant Foods Hum Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Echinacea purpurea<\/jats:italic> (L.) Monech has a diverse range of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, alkylamides, and terpenoids. Phenolic and flavonoid substances derived from the leaves and flowers have been used for treatment of illness. The aim of this study to evaluate the polyphenolic components of the flowers and leaves of <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic>, along with the diurnal variations and the morphological differences. Two-year-old in full bloom flowers and leaves were harvested at different times of the day (6:00 am, 9:00 am, 12:00 am, 03:00 pm, 06:00 pm, 09:00 pm). The water and methanol extracts prepared from these samples to determine total phenolic, total flavonoid and phenolic compound contents. The experiment was established in randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. The highest total phenolic content was observed in flowers with methanol extract (157.91\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u00a0mg QE\/g dry extract) at 09.00 a.m. Also the highest total flavonoid content was observed in leaves with methanol extract at 09.00 a.m (80.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u00a0mg QE\/g dry extract). Chlorogenic acid (19.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83\u00a0mg\/g methanol extract) and caffeic acid (13.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58\u00a0mg\/g methanol extract) were identified as the predominant phenolic acids. The peak concentrations of these phenolic acids were observed at 6:00 a.m, followed by a gradual decline throughout the subsequent hours of the day. Findings emphasize the importance of harvesting <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic> at the optimal time to maximize antioxidant capacity. This study provides valuable new information on morphogenetic and diurnal variation of phenolic and flavonoid content for drug and pharmaceutical raw material production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T09:00:45Z","timestamp":1741597245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determination of Morphogenetic and Diurnal Variability in Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: A Potential Source of Natural Anioxidants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Bilge","family":"Ozcan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nejdet","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Resul","family":"Demiray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Bulduk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ercument Osman","family":"Sarihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ugur","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12168","volume":"39","author":"R Erenler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erenler R, Telci I, Ulutas M, Demirtas I, Gul F, Elmastas M, Kayir O (2015) Chemical constituents, quantitative analysis and antioxidant activities of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. J Food Biochem 39(5):622\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.12168","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031177","volume":"28","author":"P Ciganovi\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ciganovi\u0107 P, Jakupovi\u0107 L, Momchev P, Ni\u017ei\u0107 Nodilo L, Hafner A, Zovko Kon\u010di\u0107 M (2023) Extraction optimization, antioxidant, cosmeceutical and wound healing potential of Echinacea purpurea glycerolic extracts. Molecules 28(3):1177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28031177","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"1315_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091244","volume":"11","author":"C Burlou-Nagy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burlou-Nagy C, B\u0103nic\u0103 F, Jurca T, Vica\u0219 LG, Marian E, Muresan ME, B\u00e1cskay I, Kiss R, Feh\u00e9r P, Pallag A (2022) Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and pharmacological properties\u2014a review. Plants 11(9):1244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11091244","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"9","key":"1315_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13091235","volume":"13","author":"A Basile","year":"2024","unstructured":"Basile A, Ahmadi F, Kariman K, Mousavi M, Rengel Z (2024) Echinacea: Bioactive compounds and agronomy. Plants 13(9):1235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13091235","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"1315_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin X, jing, Lai Z shi, yu, Luo Q, Kong M, Liang M, jian, Wu H, Bai M (2023) Correlation between polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities in different Echinacea purpurea varieties. Curr Med Sci 43:831\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-022-2647-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-022-2647-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15414\/ainhlq.2024.0006","volume":"8","author":"O Vergun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vergun O, Svydenko L, Shymanska O, Hlushchenko L, Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 VH, Ivani\u0161ov\u00e1 E, Brindza J (2024) Accumulation of total content of polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity of Echinacea Moench species. Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qua 8(1):48\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15414\/ainhlq.2024.0006","journal-title":"Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qua"},{"issue":"17","key":"1315_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.156353","volume":"9","author":"A Manayi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S (2015) Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacogn Rev 9(17):63\u201372","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1315_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-019-09617-z","volume":"18","author":"DJ Liebelt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liebelt DJ, Jordan JT, Doherty CJ (2019) Only a matter of time: the impact of daily and seasonal rhythms on phytochemicals. Phytochem Rev 18(6):1409\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-019-09617-z","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"1315_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2024.104888","volume":"117","author":"NP Bahad\u0131rl\u0131","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bahad\u0131rl\u0131 NP, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m MU, Sar\u0131han EO (2024) Diurnal, and seasonal dynamics in essential oil content and composition of cultivated Helichrysum Italicum (Roth) G. Don. Biochem Syst Ecol 117:104888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bse.2024.104888","journal-title":"Biochem Syst Ecol"},{"key":"1315_CR10","first-page":"268","volume":"24","author":"M U\u011fur Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2019","unstructured":"U\u011fur Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, Osman Sar\u0131han E, Kul H, Mahmood Khawar K (2019) Diurnal and nocturnal variability of essential oil content and components of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lavender) MKUJAS 24:268\u2013278","journal-title":"(Lavender) MKUJAS"},{"key":"1315_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-999-0182-4","volume":"76","author":"N Gamez-Meza","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gamez-Meza N, Noriega-Rodriguez JA, Medina-Juarez LA, Ortega-Garcia J, Cazarez-Casanova R, Angulo-Guerrero O (1999) Antioxidant activity in soybean oil of extracts from Thompson grape bagasse. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 76:1445\u20131447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11746-999-0182-4","journal-title":"J Amer Oil Chem Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1315_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.1998.11100961","volume":"37","author":"RG Woisky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Woisky RG, Salatino A (1998) Analysis of propolis: some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. J Apic Res 37(10):99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00218839.1998.11100961","journal-title":"J Apic Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"1315_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6624","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0511291","volume":"53","author":"D Wen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wen D, Li C, Di H, Liao Y, Liu H (2005) A universal HPLC method for the determination of phenolic acids in compound herbal medicines. J Agric Food Chem 53(17):6624\u20136629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf0511291","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1315_CR14","unstructured":"D\u00fczg\u00fcne\u015f O, Kesici T, Kavuncu O, Fikret G\u00fcrb\u00fcz (1987) Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve deneme metotlar\u0131. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, vol. 1021"},{"issue":"9","key":"1315_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200902939291","volume":"47","author":"CL Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen CL, Zhang SC, Sung JM (2009) Caffeoyl phenols and alkamides of cultivated Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea atrorubens var. paradoxa. Pharm Biol 47(9):835\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880200902939291","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"1315_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2017.03.009","volume":"5","author":"M Castro-Puyana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML, Plaza M (2017) Water as green extraction solvent: principles and reasons for its use. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 5:31\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogsc.2017.03.009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1315_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(08)60234-7","volume":"17","author":"I Stanisavljevi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stanisavljevi I, Stojievi S, Velikovi D, Veljkovi V, Lazi M (2009) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Echinacea (Echinacea Purpurea L.) extracts obtained by classical and ultrasound extraction. Chin J Chem Eng 17(3):478\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1004-9541(08)60234-7","journal-title":"Chin J Chem Eng"},{"key":"1315_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee T-T, Huang C-C, Shieh X-H, Chen C-L, Chen L-J, Yu B (2010) Flavonoid, phenol and polysaccharide contents of Echinacea Purpurea L. and its immunostimulant capacity in vitro. IJESD 5\u20139","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2010.V1.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3329\/bjb.v36i1.1547","volume":"36","author":"A Kemal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kemal A, Ondokuz A, \u00dcniversitesi M, Yanar Ondokuz O (2007) Morphogenetic and diurnal variation of total phenols in some Hypericum species from Turkey during their phenological cycles. Bangladesh J Bot 36(1):39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bjb.v36i1.1547","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Bot"},{"issue":"24","key":"1315_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01732","volume":"66","author":"P Soengas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soengas P, Cartea ME, Velasco P, Francisco M (2018) Endogenous circadian rhythms in polyphenolic composition \u0131nduce changes in antioxidant properties in Brassica cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 66(24):5984\u20135991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01732","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2015.61023","volume":"06","author":"Y-L Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen Y-L, Sung J-M, Lin S-D (2015) Effect of extraction methods on the active compounds and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of Echinacea purpurea flower. Am J Plant Sci 06(1):201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ajps.2015.61023","journal-title":"Am J Plant Sci"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"1315_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2022.2161379","volume":"56","author":"A Purushothaman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Purushothaman A, Babu SS, Naroth S, Janardanan D (2022) Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid: thermodynamic and kinetic aspects on the oxidative degradation pathway. Free Radic Res 56(9\u201310):617\u2013630","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1315_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.08.002","volume":"68","author":"KM Shin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shin KM, Kim IT, Park YM, Ha J, Choi JW, Park HJ, Lee YS, Lee KT (2004) Anti-inflammatory effect of caffeic acid methyl ester and its mode of action through the inhibition of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 production. Biochem Pharmacol 68(12):2327\u20132336","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1315_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC134.324","volume":"13","author":"M Aijaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aijaz M, Keserwani N, Yusuf M, Ansari NH, Ushal R, Kalia P (2023) Chemical, biological, and pharmacological prospects of caffeic acid. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 13(4):324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33263\/BRIAC134.324","journal-title":"Biointerface Res Appl Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"1315_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070924","volume":"16","author":"V Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen V, Taine EG, Meng D, Cui T, Tan W (2024) Chlorogenic acid: a systematic review on the biological functions, mechanistic actions, and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients 16(7):924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16070924","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1315_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.04.001","volume":"81","author":"D Bagdas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bagdas D, Etoz BC, Gul Z et al (2015) In vivo systemic chlorogenic acid therapy under diabetic conditions: wound healing effects and cytotoxicity\/genotoxicity profile. Food Chem Toxicol 81:54\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2015.04.001","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010016","volume":"8","author":"N Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang N, Kitts DD (2015) Role of chlorogenic acids in controlling oxidative and \u0131nflammatory stress conditions. Nutrients 8(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8010016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1315_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-020-00069-7","volume":"30","author":"B Mei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mei B, Xie H, Xing H, Kong D, Pan X, Li Y, Wu H (2020) Changes of phenolic acids and antioxidant activities in diploid and tetraploid Echinacea purpurea at different growth stages. Rev Bras Farmacogn 30:510\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43450-020-00069-7","journal-title":"Rev Bras Farmacogn"},{"issue":"5","key":"1315_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050971","volume":"29","author":"C Adebimpe Ojo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adebimpe Ojo C, Dziadek K, Sadowska U, Skoczylas J, Kope\u0107 A (2024) Analytical assessment of the antioxidant properties of the coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench) grown with various mulch materials. Molecules 29(5):971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29050971","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"1315_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.0105221","volume":"74","author":"A Kocacik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kocacik A, Yalcin H (2023) The effect of harvest time on the volatile compounds and bioactive properties of the flowers, leaves, and stems of Echinacea Pallida and its utilization to improve the oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Grasas Aceites 74(4):526","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.09.006","volume":"125","author":"SD Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin SD, Sung JM, Chen CL (2011) Effect of drying and storage conditions on caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolics of Echinacea Purpurea grown in Taiwan. Food Chem 125(1):226\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.09.006","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.09.026","volume":"46","author":"YL Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai YL, Chiou SY, Chan KC, Sung JM, Lin SD (2012) Caffeic acid derivatives, total phenols, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Echinacea purpurea flower extracts. Food Sci Tech 46(1):169\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.09.026","journal-title":"Food Sci Tech"}],"container-title":["Plant Foods for Human Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T23:32:52Z","timestamp":1743377572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11130-025-01315-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-9668","1573-9104"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-9668","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9104","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"88"}}