{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:38:39Z","timestamp":1793230719188,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["452145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["452145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although comprehensive and widespread guidelines on how to conduct systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) exist, for example from the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) initiative, key information is often missing in published reports. This article describes the development of an extension of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline: PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development process followed the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) guidelines and included a literature search, expert consultations, a Delphi study, a hybrid workgroup meeting, pilot testing, and an end-of-project meeting, with integrated patient\/public involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the literature and expert consultation, 49 potentially relevant reporting items were identified. Round 1 of the Delphi study was completed by 103 panelists, whereas round 2 and 3 were completed by 78 panelists. After 3 rounds, agreement (\u2265\u200967%) on inclusion and wording was reached for 44 items. Eleven items without consensus for inclusion and\/or wording were discussed at a workgroup meeting attended by 24 participants. Agreement was reached for the inclusion and wording of 10 items, and the deletion of 1 item. Pilot testing with 65 authors of OMI systematic reviews further improved the guideline through minor changes in wording and structure, finalized during the end-of-project meeting. The final checklist to facilitate the reporting of full systematic review reports contains 54 (sub)items addressing the review\u2019s title, abstract, plain language summary, open science, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Thirteen items pertaining to the title and abstract are also included in a separate abstract checklist, guiding authors in reporting for example conference abstracts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024 consists of two checklists (full reports; abstracts), their corresponding explanation and elaboration documents detailing the rationale and examples for each item, and a data flow diagram. PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024 can improve the reporting of systematic reviews of OMIs, fostering their reproducibility and allowing end-users to appraise the quality of OMIs and select the most appropriate OMI for a specific application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Note<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In order to encourage its wide dissemination this article is freely accessible on the web sites of the journals: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes; Journal of Clinical Epidemiology; Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes; Quality of Life Research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T04:02:01Z","timestamp":1720497721000},"page":"2029-2046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Guideline for reporting systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments (OMIs): PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen B. M.","family":"Elsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidwine B.","family":"Mokkink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Terwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorcas","family":"Beaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel J.","family":"Gagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4114-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Tricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Butcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2885-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Hofstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9122-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olalekan Lee","family":"Aiyegbusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstie L.","family":"Haywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolin R.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8755-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Markham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Mayo-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ava","family":"Mehdipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanna","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Szatmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5177-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahi","family":"Touma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Moher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Offringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"3634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21022","volume":"328","author":"NJ Butcher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butcher, N. J., Monsour, A., Mew, E. J., Chan, A.-W., Moher, D., Mayo-Wilson, E., Terwee, C. B., Chee-A-Tow, A., Baba, A., & Gavin, F. (2022). Guidelines for reporting outcomes in trial reports: The CONSORT-outcomes 2022 extension. JAMA, 328(22), 2252\u20132264.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"3634_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1798-3","volume":"27","author":"CA Prinsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prinsen, C. A., Mokkink, L. B., Bouter, L. M., Alonso, J., Patrick, D. L., De Vet, H. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1147\u20131157.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"26","key":"3634_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1011024","volume":"363","author":"ME Porter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porter, M. E. (2010). What is value in health care. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(26), 2477\u20132481.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"3634_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7818","author":"EC Nelson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson, E. C., Eftimovska, E., Lind, C., Hager, A., Wasson, J. H., & Lindblad, S. (2015). Patient reported outcome measures in practice. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g7818","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3634_CR5","volume-title":"The OMERACT handbook for establishing and implementing core outcomes in clinical trials across the spectrum of rheumatologic conditions","author":"OMERACT","year":"2021","unstructured":"OMERACT. (2021). The OMERACT handbook for establishing and implementing core outcomes in clinical trials across the spectrum of rheumatologic conditions. OMERACT."},{"key":"3634_CR6","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"M Stephenson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stephenson, M., Riitano, D., Wilson, S., Leonardi-Bee, J., Mabire, C., Cooper, K., Monteiro da Cruz, D., Moreno-Casbas, M., & Lapkin, S. (2020). Chapter 12: Systematic reviews of measurement properties. In E. Aromataris & Z. Munn (Eds.), JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI."},{"issue":"3","key":"3634_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9451-9","volume":"18","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Stratford, P. W., Alonso, J., Patrick, D. L., Riphagen, I., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2009). Evaluation of the methodological quality of systematic reviews of health status measurement instruments. Quality of Life Research, 18(3), 313\u2013333.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-1122-4","volume":"25","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C., Garotti, M. R., Suman, A., De Vet, H., & Mokkink, L. B. (2016). The quality of systematic reviews of health-related outcome measurement instruments. Quality of Life Research, 25(4), 767\u2013779.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"3634_CR9","volume":"10","author":"S Lorente","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorente, S., Viladrich, C., Vives, J., & Losilla, J.-M. (2020). Tools to assess the measurement properties of quality of life instruments: A meta-review. British Medical Journal Open, 10(8), e036038.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2021.1907092","volume":"24","author":"SP McKenna","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKenna, S. P., & Heaney, A. (2021). Setting and maintaining standards for patient-reported outcome measures: Can we rely on the COSMIN checklists? Journal of Medical Economics, 24(1), 502\u2013511.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Economics"},{"key":"3634_CR11","first-page":"32","volume":"25","author":"DG Altman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altman, D. G., & Simera, I. (2014). Using reporting guidelines effectively to ensure good reporting of health research. Guidelines for reporting health research: A User\u2019s Manual, 25, 32\u201340.","journal-title":"Guidelines for reporting health research: A User's Manual"},{"issue":"2","key":"3634_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000217","volume":"7","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Simera, I., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Medicine, 7(2), e1000217.","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"3634_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S155103","volume":"27","author":"Y Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Sanger, N., Shams, I., Luo, C., Shahid, H., Li, G., Bhatt, M., Zielinski, L., Bantoto, B., & Wang, M. (2018). Does the medical literature remain inadequately described despite having reporting guidelines for 21 years?\u2013A systematic review of reviews: an update. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 27, 495\u2013510.","journal-title":"Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., PRISMA Group*, t. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264\u2013269.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"3634_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083138","volume":"8","author":"N Panic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Panic, N., Leoncini, E., de Belvis, G., Ricciardi, W., & Boccia, S. (2013). Evaluation of the endorsement of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement on the quality of published systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83138.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3634_CR16","volume":"88","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International journal of surgery, 88, 105906.","journal-title":"International journal of surgery"},{"key":"3634_CR17","unstructured":"COSMIN (2023). Guideline for Systematic Reviews of Outcome Measurement Instruments. Retrieved April 2023; Available from: https:\/\/www.cosmin.nl\/tools\/guideline-conducting-systematic-review-outcome-measures\/."},{"key":"3634_CR18","unstructured":"Butcher, N.J., Monsour, A., Mokkink, L.B., Terwee, C.B., Tricco, A.C., Gagnier, J., & Offringa, M. (2021). Needed: guidance for reporting knowledge synthesis studies on measurement properties of outcome measurement instruments in health research."},{"key":"3634_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsman, E.B., Smith, M., Hofstetter, C., Gavin, F., Jobson, E., Markham, S., Ricketts, J., Baba, A., Butcher, N.J., & Offringa, M. (2024). A blueprint for patient and public involvement in the development of a reporting guideline for systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments: PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs. Res Involv Engagem, 10(33). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40900-024-00563-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-024-00563-5"},{"key":"3634_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3453","author":"S Staniszewska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staniszewska, S., Brett, J., Simera, I., Seers, K., Mockford, C., Goodlad, S., Altman, D., Moher, D., Barber, R., & Denegri, S. (2017). GRIPP2 reporting checklists: Tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j3453","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3634_CR21","unstructured":"EQUATOR (2023). PRISMA-COSMIN \u2013 Recommendations for Reporting Systematic Reviews of Outcome Measurement Instruments. Retrieved 14 September 2023; Available from: https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/library\/reporting-guidelines-under-development\/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-systematic-reviews\/#PRISMACOSMIN."},{"key":"3634_CR22","unstructured":"Elsman, E.B., Baba, A., Butcher, N.J., Offringa, M., Moher, D., Terwee, C.B., Mokkink, L.B., Smith, M., & Tricco, A., PRISMA-COSMIN. 2023, OSF."},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-01994-5","volume":"11","author":"EB Elsman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsman, E. B., Butcher, N. J., Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Tricco, A., Gagnier, J. J., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Barnett, C., Smith, M., & Moher, D. (2022). Study protocol for developing, piloting and disseminating the PRISMA-COSMIN guideline: A new reporting guideline for systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments. Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 121.","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"3634_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1829-0","volume":"27","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C. A., Chiarotto, A., Westerman, M. J., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Bouter, L. M., De Vet, H. C., & Mokkink, L. B. (2018). COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: A delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1159\u20131170.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34\u201342.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1555-2","volume":"17","author":"CA Prinsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prinsen, C. A., Vohra, S., Rose, M. R., Boers, M., Tugwell, P., Clarke, M., Williamson, P. R., & Terwee, C. B. (2016). How to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a \u201cCore Outcome Set\u201d\u2013a practical guideline. Trials, 17(1), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","volume":"11","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials, 11(1), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"3634_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.045120","volume":"85","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., G\u00f8tzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85, 867\u2013872.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"12","key":"3634_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.246280","volume":"61","author":"PM Bossuyt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & De Vet, H. C. (2015). STARD 2015: An updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. Clinical Chemistry, 61(12), 1446\u20131452.","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3634_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.016","volume":"48","author":"J Kottner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kottner, J., Audig\u00e9, L., Brorson, S., Donner, A., Gajewski, B. J., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Roberts, C., Shoukri, M., & Streiner, D. L. (2011). Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were proposed. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(6), 661\u2013671.","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"3634_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","volume":"158","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan, A.-W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Altman, D. G., Laupacis, A., G\u00f8tzsche, P. C., Krle\u017ea-Jeri\u0107, K., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Mann, H., Dickersin, K., & Berlin, J. A. (2013). SPIRIT 2013 statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 158(3), 200\u2013207.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"3634_CR32","unstructured":"FDA (2009). Guidance for Industry - Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"3634_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00274.x","volume":"10","author":"DA Revicki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Revicki, D. A., Erickson, P. A., Sloan, J. A., Dueck, A., Guess, H., Santanello, N. C., Group M.F.P.-R.O.C.M. (2007). Interpreting and reporting results based on patient-reported outcomes. Value in Health, 10, S116\u2013S124.","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3634_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540022","volume":"5","author":"M Staquet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Staquet, M., Berzon, R., Osoba, D., & Machin, D. (1996). Guidelines for reporting results of quality of life assessments in clinical trials. Quality of Life Research, 5(5), 496\u2013502.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"3634_CR35","volume-title":"Methods guide for effectiveness and comparative effectiveness reviews","author":"AHRQ","year":"2019","unstructured":"AHRQ. (2019). Methods guide for effectiveness and comparative effectiveness reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality."},{"key":"3634_CR36","volume-title":"JBI Manual for evidence synthesis","author":"E Aromataris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for evidence synthesis. JBI."},{"issue":"6","key":"3634_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0252-1","volume":"22","author":"M Brundage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brundage, M., Blazeby, J., Revicki, D., Bass, B., De Vet, H., Duffy, H., Efficace, F., King, M., Lam, C. L., & Moher, D. (2013). Patient-reported outcomes in randomized clinical trials: Development of ISOQOL reporting standards. Quality of Life Research, 22(6), 1161\u20131175.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"3634_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.879","volume":"309","author":"M Calvert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvert, M., Blazeby, J., Altman, D. G., Revicki, D. A., Moher, D., Brundage, M. D., CONSORT PRO Group, f.t. (2013). Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in randomized trials: The CONSORT PRO extension. JAMA, 309(8), 814\u2013822.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3634_CR39","volume-title":"CRD\u2019s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care","author":"CRD","year":"2009","unstructured":"CRD. (2009). CRD\u2019s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination."},{"key":"3634_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02822-4","volume":"30","author":"JJ Gagnier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gagnier, J. J., Lai, J., Mokkink, L. B., & Terwee, C. B. (2021). COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 30, 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"3634_CR41","volume-title":"Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews","author":"J Higgins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Higgins, J., Lasserson, T., Chandles, J., Tovey, D., Flemyng, E., & Churchill, R. (2021). Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews. Cochrane."},{"issue":"3","key":"3634_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015291021312","volume":"11","author":"KN Lohr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lohr, K. N. (2002). Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: Attributes and review criteria. Quality of life Research, 11(3), 193\u2013205.","journal-title":"Quality of life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","volume":"319","author":"MD McInnes","year":"2018","unstructured":"McInnes, M. D., Moher, D., Thombs, B. D., McGrath, T. A., Bossuyt, P. M., Clifford, T., Cohen, J. F., Deeks, J. J., Gatsonis, C., & Hooft, L. (2018). Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: The PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA, 319(4), 388\u2013396.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"3634_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1765-4","volume":"27","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mokkink, L. B., De Vet, H. C., Prinsen, C. A., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Bouter, L. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN risk of bias checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1171\u20131179.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"3634_CR45","volume-title":"Finding what works in health care standards for systematic reviews","author":"S Morton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morton, S., Berg, A., Levit, L., & Eden, J. (2011). Standards for Reporting Systematic Reviews. Finding what works in health care standards for systematic reviews. Institute of Medicine."},{"key":"3634_CR46","volume-title":"Guidance for Measure Testing and Evaluating Scientific Acceptability of Measure Properties","author":"NQF","year":"2011","unstructured":"NQF. (2011). Guidance for Measure Testing and Evaluating Scientific Acceptability of Measure Properties. National Quality Forum."},{"key":"3634_CR47","unstructured":"PCORI (2021). Draft final research report: instructions for awardee. PATIENT-CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH INSTITUTE"},{"issue":"8","key":"3634_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0344-y","volume":"22","author":"BB Reeve","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reeve, B. B., Wyrwich, K. W., Wu, A. W., Velikova, G., Terwee, C. B., Snyder, C. F., Schwartz, C., Revicki, D. A., Moinpour, C. M., & McLeod, L. D. (2013). ISOQOL recommends minimum standards for patient-reported outcome measures used in patient-centered outcomes and comparative effectiveness research. Quality of Life Research, 22(8), 1889\u20131905.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"3634_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","author":"L Shamseer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g7647","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"3634_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3656","volume":"313","author":"LA Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart, L. A., Clarke, M., Rovers, M., Riley, R. D., Simmonds, M., Stewart, G., & Tierney, J. F. (2015). Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data: The PRISMA-IPD statement. JAMA, 313(16), 1657\u20131665.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"3634_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O\u2019Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., & Weeks, L. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467\u2013473.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"3634_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002729","volume":"10","author":"EB Elsman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsman, E. B., Mokkink, L. B., Langendoen-Gort, M., Rutters, F., Beulens, J., Elders, P. J., & Terwee, C. B. (2022). Systematic review on the measurement properties of diabetes-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for measuring physical functioning in people with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 10(3), e002729.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01607-6","volume":"19","author":"IL Abma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abma, I. L., Butje, B. J., Peter, M., & van der Wees, P. J. (2021). Measurement properties of the dutch-flemish patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function item bank and instruments: A systematic review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2021.1945021","volume":"18","author":"A Mehdipour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehdipour, A., Wiley, E., Richardson, J., Beauchamp, M., & Kuspinar, A. (2021). The performance of digital monitoring devices for oxygen saturation and respiratory rate in COPD: A systematic review. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 18(4), 469\u2013475.","journal-title":"COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"3634_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(2), 377\u2013381.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9606-8","volume":"19","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & De Vet, H. C. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: An international delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 19(4), 539\u2013549.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"3634_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01179-5","volume":"20","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mokkink, L. B., Boers, M., van der Vleuten, C., Bouter, L. M., Alonso, J., Patrick, D. L., De Vet, H. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2020). COSMIN Risk of Bias tool to assess the quality of studies on reliability or measurement error of outcome measurement instruments: A delphi study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"issue":"23","key":"3634_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21243","volume":"328","author":"NJ Butcher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butcher, N. J., Monsour, A., Mew, E. J., Chan, A.-W., Moher, D., Mayo-Wilson, E., Terwee, C. B., Chee-A-Tow, A., Baba, A., & Gavin, F. (2022). Guidelines for reporting outcomes in trial protocols: The SPIRIT-outcomes 2022 extension. JAMA, 328(23), 2345\u20132356.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3634_CR59","unstructured":"COSMIN COSMIN database of systematic reviews. Retrieved 30 Jan 2022; Available from: www.cosmin.nl\/tools\/database-systematic-reviews\/."},{"key":"3634_CR60","unstructured":"Cochrane (2023). Cochrane Consumer Network: A network for patients and carers within Cochrane. Retrieved April 6 2023; Available from: https:\/\/consumers.cochrane.org\/healthcare-users-cochrane."},{"key":"3634_CR61","unstructured":"COMET (2023). COMET POPPIE Working Group. Retrieved April 6 2023; Available from: https:\/\/www.comet-initiative.org\/Patients\/POPPIE."},{"key":"3634_CR62","unstructured":"OMERACT (2023). OMERACT Patient Research Partners. Retrieved April 6 2023; Available from: https:\/\/omeractprpnetwork.org\/."},{"key":"3634_CR63","unstructured":"SPOR (2023). Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research. Retrieved April 6 2023; Available from: https:\/\/sporevidencealliance.ca\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"3634_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006","volume":"63","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2010). The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 737\u2013745.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"3634_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070849","author":"M Gates","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gates, M., Gates, A., Pieper, D., Fernandes, R. M., Tricco, A. C., Moher, D., Brennan, S. E., Li, T., Pollock, M., & Lunny, C. (2022). Reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions: Development of the PRIOR statement. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-070849","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3634_CR66","unstructured":"PROSPERO, PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews. 2023, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination."},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001419","volume":"10","author":"EM Beller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beller, E. M., Glasziou, P. P., Altman, D. G., Hopewell, S., Bastian, H., Chalmers, I., G\u00f8tzsche, P. C., Lasserson, T., Tovey, D., Group, P.f.A. (2013). PRISMA for abstracts: reporting systematic reviews in journal and conference abstracts. PLoS Medicine, 10(4), e1001419.","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"3634_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n160","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3634_CR69","unstructured":"Higgins Jpt, T., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M., & Welch, V., Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). 2022, Cochrane."},{"key":"3634_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2632","author":"J-P Salameh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salameh, J.-P., Bossuyt, P. M., McGrath, T. A., Thombs, B. D., Hyde, C. J., Macaskill, P., Deeks, J. J., Leeflang, M., Korevaar, D. A., & Whiting, P. (2020). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): Explanation, elaboration, and checklist. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m2632","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"3634_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.08.006","volume":"18","author":"MK Walton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walton, M. K., Powers, J. H., III., Hobart, J., Patrick, D., Marquis, P., Vamvakas, S., Isaac, M., Molsen, E., Cano, S., & Burke, L. B. (2015). Clinical outcome assessments: Conceptual foundation\u2014report of the ISPOR clinical outcomes assessment\u2013emerging good practices for outcomes research task force. Value in Health, 18(6), 741\u2013752.","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"key":"3634_CR72","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann, H., Bro\u017cek, J., Guyatt, G., & Oxman, A. (2013). Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach. Updated October, 2013."},{"key":"3634_CR73","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions\u202fversion 6.3\u202f","author":"I Boutron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boutron, I., Page, M., Higgins, J., Altman, D., Lundh, A., & Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., et al. (2022). Chapter 7: considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (updated September 2020). Cochrane 2020. In J. Higgins (Ed.), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions\u202fversion 6.3. Cochrane."},{"issue":"8","key":"3634_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181218","volume":"46","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beaton, D. E., Maxwell, L. J., Shea, B. J., Wells, G. A., Boers, M., Grosskleg, S., Bingham, C. O., Conaghan, P. G., D\u2019Agostino, M. A., & De Wit, M. P. (2019). Instrument selection using the OMERACT filter 21: The OMERACT methodology. The Journal of Rheumatology, 46(8), 1028\u20131035.","journal-title":"The Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"3634_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263348952110373","DOI":"10.1177\/26334895211037391","volume":"2","author":"CC Lewis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewis, C. C., Mettert, K. D., Stanick, C. F., Halko, H. M., Nolen, E. A., Powell, B. J., & Weiner, B. J. (2021). The psychometric and pragmatic evidence rating scale (PAPERS) for measure development and evaluation. Implementation Research and Practice, 2, 26334895211037390.","journal-title":"Implementation Research and Practice"},{"key":"3634_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.03.018","author":"MM Schlussel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schlussel, M. M., Sharp, M. K., de Beyer, J. A., Kirtley, S., Logullo, P., Dhiman, P., MacCarthy, A., Koroleva, A., Speich, B., & Bullock, G. S. (2023). Reporting guidelines used varying methodology to develop recommendations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.03.018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3634_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2013.12087465","volume":"42","author":"M Kane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kane, M. (2013). The argument-based approach to validation. School Psychology Review, 42(4), 448\u2013457.","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"3634_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02776-7","volume":"30","author":"KP Weinfurt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weinfurt, K. P. (2021). Constructing arguments for the interpretation and use of patient-reported outcome measures in research: An application of modern validity theory. Quality of Life Research, 30(6), 1715\u20131722.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"3634_CR79","volume-title":"The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing","author":"AERA","year":"2014","unstructured":"AERA. (2014). The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. The American Educational Research Association (AERA)."},{"key":"3634_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07794-9","volume-title":"Validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences (Social Indicators Research Series","author":"B Zumbo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zumbo, B., & Chan, E. (2014). Validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences (Social Indicators Research Series (Vol. 54). Springer International Publishing."}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T05:25:51Z","timestamp":1722230751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Drs. Terwee and Mokkink are the founders of COSMIN; Dr. Moher is a member of the PRISMA executive; Dr. Tricco is the co-editor in chief of the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. The other authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This is a methodological study. The Research Ethics Board of the Hospital for Sick Children has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}