{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:43:02Z","timestamp":1790667782651,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with opioid use disorder face complex health needs often necessitating hospital-based care, and many reported low health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study assessed HRQoL factors as predictors of recurrent hospital-based care and mortality among heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) patients, identified patient groups with distinct HRQoL trajectories, and compared their hospital contact hours and mortality rates with the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal cohort study was conducted, involving 541 HAT patients in Denmark from 2010 to 2018, along with a matched sample from the general Danish population. Using recurrent event regression and latent class growth analysis, we analyzed predictors of recurrent hospitalization and established trajectory groups. HRQoL was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and linked to multiple national registry data which provided demographic variables, hospital utilization, and mortality data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u201cGeneral health\u201d emerged as the largest and only significant predictor of recurrent hospitalization. Mortality was predicted by age and \u2018role limitations due to emotional problems\u2019. We identified four trajectory groups based on \u201cgeneral health \u201d, showing either a decreasing or stable trajectory. Groups differed significantly in terms of average hospital contact hours and mortality and all groups had lower \u2018general health\u2019 scores and greater mortality than the representative Danish sample. The most severe group had four times higher usage of hospitalization hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SF-36 \u2018general health\u2019 is a key risk stratification tool for HAT patients predicting outcomes like hospitalization and mortality. Identifying high-risk individuals can help clinicians implement timely (somatic) care, particularly for long-term patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T14:04:25Z","timestamp":1752674665000},"page":"3365-3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Health-related quality of life measures as predictors for recurrent hospitalization and mortality among patients in heroin-assisted treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5523-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Melis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo L.","family":"Kvamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4103-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Tjagvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4115-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desiree","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5658-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitte","family":"Thylstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1424","volume":"35","author":"MV Ronan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ronan, M. V., & Herzig, S. J. (2016). Hospitalizations related to opioid abuse\/dependence and associated serious infections increased sharply, 2002\u201312. Health Affairs, 35(5), 832\u2013837.","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"4019_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.029","volume":"171","author":"S Larney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Larney, S., Peacock, A., Mathers, B. M., Hickman, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2017). A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 171, 39\u201349.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"9","key":"4019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13795","volume":"112","author":"DJ Hsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hsu, D. J., McCarthy, E. P., Stevens, J. P., & Mukamal, K. J. (2017). Hospitalizations, costs and outcomes associated with heroin and prescription opioid overdoses in the united States 2001\u201312. Addiction, 112(9), 1558\u20131564.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"4019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.009","volume":"202","author":"SJ Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, S. J., Mair, C., Songer, T. J., Krans, E. E., Wahed, A., & Talbott, E. (2019). Opioid-related hospitalizations in pennsylvania: A latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 185\u2013190.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"10","key":"4019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.07.068","volume":"124","author":"R Doshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doshi, R., Majmundar, M., Kansara, T., Desai, R., Shah, J., Kumar, A., & Patel, K. (2019). Frequency of cardiovascular events and in-hospital mortality with opioid overdose hospitalizations. The American Journal of Cardiology, 124(10), 1528\u20131533.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"4019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30325-5","volume":"16","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Degenhardt, L., Charlson, F., Stanaway, J., Larney, S., Alexander, L. T., Hickman, M., Cowie, B., Hall, W. D., Strang, J., Whiteford, H., & Vos, T. (2016). Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2013. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(12), 1385\u20131398.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"4019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020697","volume":"19","author":"M Br\u00e5b\u00e4ck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Br\u00e5b\u00e4ck, M., Brantefors, A., Franck, J., Br\u00e5dvik, L., Isendahl, P., Nilsson, S., Troberg, K., & H\u00e5kansson, A. (2022). Substance use, hospitalizations, and Co-Occurring disorders among patients transferred from a needle exchange program to opioid maintenance treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 697.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318231de51","volume":"6","author":"AY Walley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walley, A. Y., Paasche-Orlow, M., Lee, E. C., Forsythe, S., Chetty, V. K., Mitchell, S., & Jack, B. W. (2012). Acute care hospital utilization among medical inpatients discharged with a substance use disorder diagnosis. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 6(1), 50\u201356.","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4282-z","volume":"19","author":"AB Bech","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bech, A. B., Clausen, T., Waal, H., \u0160altyt\u0117 Benth, J., & Skeie, I. (2019). Mortality and causes of death among patients with opioid use disorder receiving opioid agonist treatment: A National register study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"4019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S129480","volume":"13","author":"T Rosic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosic, T., Naji, L., Bawor, M., Dennis, B. B., Plater, C., Marsh, D. C., Thabane, L., & Samaan, Z. (2017). The impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on methadone maintenance treatment in opioid use disorder: A prospective cohort study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 1399\u20131408.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"4019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.013","volume":"192","author":"LT Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, L. T., Zhu, H., & Ghitza, U. E. (2018). Multicomorbidity of chronic diseases and substance use disorders and their association with hospitalization: Results from electronic health records data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 316\u2013323.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh189","volume":"27","author":"T Kerr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kerr, T., Wood, E., Grafstein, E., Ishida, T., Shannon, K., Lai, C., Montaner, J., & Tyndall, M. W. (2004). High rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver. Journal of Public Health, 27(1), 62\u201366.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0618","volume":"35","author":"J Gryczynski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gryczynski, J., Schwartz, R. P., O\u2019Grady, K. E., Restivo, L., Mitchell, S. G., & Jaffe, J. H. (2016). Understanding patterns of high-cost health care use across different substance user groups. Health Affairs, 35(1), 12\u201319.","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"12","key":"4019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0689","volume":"36","author":"Z Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song, Z. (2017). Mortality quadrupled among opioid-driven hospitalizations, notably within lower-income and disabled white populations. Health Affairs, 36(12), 2054\u20132061.","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"2","key":"4019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00344-7","volume":"70","author":"MD Stein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stein, M. D., & Anderson, B. (2003). Injection frequency mediates health service use among persons with a history of drug injection. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70(2), 159\u2013168.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"4019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000499","volume":"13","author":"JL Moreno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno, J. L., Wakeman, S. E., Duprey, M. S., Roberts, R. J., Jacobson, J. S., & Devlin, J. W. (2019). Predictors for 30-Day and 90-Day hospital readmission among patients with opioid use disorder. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 13(4), 306\u2013313.","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"4019_CR17","unstructured":"Jiang, H. J., Weiss, A. J., Barrett, M. L., & Sheng, M. (2015). Characteristics of hospital stays for super-utilizers by payer, 2012. Healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) statistical briefs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)."},{"key":"4019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Martino, G. (2022). Revolving door. In V. B. Patel, & V. R. Preedy (Eds.), Handbook of substance misuse and addictions: From biology to public health (pp. 353\u2013364). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92392-1_19"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2209-0","volume":"17","author":"J Bell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bell, J., Turbow, S., George, M., & Ali, M. K. (2017). Factors associated with high-utilization in a safety net setting. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 273.","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"4019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick, U., Frick, H., Langguth, B., Landgrebe, M., H\u00fcbner-Liebermann, B., & Hajak, G. (2013). The revolving door phenomenon revisited: Time to readmission in 17\u2019415 patients with 37\u2019697 hospitalisations at a German psychiatric hospital. PLOS ONE, 8(10), e75612.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075612"},{"issue":"12","key":"4019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0295-y","volume":"46","author":"T Heggestad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heggestad, T., Lilleeng, S. E., & Ruud, T. (2011). Patterns of mental health care utilisation: Distribution of services and its predictability from routine data. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1275\u20131282.","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"4019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmutte, T., Dunn, C. L., & Sledge, W. H. (2010). Predicting time to readmission in patients with recent histories of recurrent psychiatric hospitalization: A matched-control survival analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(12).","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181fe726b"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-022-00338-x","volume":"17","author":"P Moyo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moyo, P., Eliot, M., Shah, A., Goodyear, K., Jutkowitz, E., Thomas, K., & Zullo, A. R. (2022). Discharge locations after hospitalizations involving opioid use disorder among medicare beneficiaries. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 17(1), 57.","journal-title":"Addiction Science & Clinical Practice"},{"key":"4019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2009). Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(3), Cd002209.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2"},{"key":"4019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550","volume":"357","author":"L Sordo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sordo, L., Barrio, G., Bravo, M. J., Indave, B. I., Degenhardt, L., Wiessing, L., Ferri, M., & Pastor-Barriuso, R. (2017). Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Bmj, 357, j1550.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"12","key":"4019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0094-5","volume":"24","author":"J Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, J., Bao, Y. P., Wang, R. J., Su, M. F., Liu, M. X., Li, J. Q., Degenhardt, L., Farrell, M., Blow, F. C., Ilgen, M., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2019). Effects of medication-assisted treatment on mortality among opioids users: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(12), 1868\u20131883.","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"4019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brothers, T. D., Lewer, D., Jones, N., Colledge-Frisby, S., Farrell, M., Hickman, M., Webster, D., Hayward, A., & Degenhardt, L. (2022). Opioid agonist treatment and risk of death or rehospitalization following injection drug use\u2013associated bacterial and fungal infections: A cohort study in new South Wales, Australia. PLOS Medicine, 19(7), e1004049.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004049"},{"issue":"6","key":"4019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15814","volume":"117","author":"M Heikkinen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heikkinen, M., Taipale, H., Tanskanen, A., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., L\u00e4hteenvuo, M., & Tiihonen, J. (2022). Real-world effectiveness of pharmacological treatments of opioid use disorder in a National cohort. Addiction, 117(6), 1683\u20131691.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"4019_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1920622","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20622","volume":"3","author":"SE Wakeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wakeman, S. E., Larochelle, M. R., Ameli, O., Chaisson, C. E., McPheeters, J. T., Crown, W. H., Azocar, F., & Sanghavi, D. M. (2020). Comparative effectiveness of different treatment pathways for opioid use disorder. JAMA Network Open, 3(2), e1920622\u2013e1920622.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"4019_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smart, R. (2018). Evidence on the effectiveness of Heroin-Assisted treatment. RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/WR1263"},{"key":"4019_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.111051","volume":"254","author":"F Melis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melis, F., Hesse, M., Eide, D., Thylstrup, B., Tjagvad, C., Brummer, J. E., & Clausen, T. (2024). Who receives heroin-assisted treatment? A comparison of patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in Denmark. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 254, 111051.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"4019_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.01.019","volume":"76","author":"JW Bray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bray, J. W., Aden, B., Eggman, A. A., Hellerstein, L., Wittenberg, E., Nosyk, B., Stribling, J. C., & Schackman, B. R. (2017). Quality of life as an outcome of opioid use disorder treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 76, 88\u201393.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"5","key":"4019_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.01.010","volume":"21","author":"J De Maeyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Maeyer, J., Vanderplasschen, W., & Broekaert, E. (2010). Quality of life among opiate-dependent individuals: A review of the literature. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(5), 364\u2013380.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-018-0187-9","volume":"14","author":"L Strada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strada, L., Schmidt, C. S., Rosenkranz, M., Verthein, U., Scherbaum, N., Reimer, J., & Schulte, B. (2019). Factors associated with health-related quality of life in a large National sample of patients receiving opioid substitution treatment in germany: A cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 14(1), 2.","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy"},{"key":"4019_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108221","volume":"215","author":"A Jalali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalali, A., Ryan, D. A., Jeng, P. J., McCollister, K. E., Leff, J. A., Lee, J. D., Nunes, E. V., Novo, P., Rotrosen, J., Schackman, B. R., & Murphy, S. M. (2020). Health-related quality of life and opioid use disorder pharmacotherapy: A secondary analysis of a clinical trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 215, 108221.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"4019_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.649222","volume":"38","author":"PW Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, P. W., Wu, H. C., Yen, C. N., Yeh, Y. C., Chung, K. S., Chang, H. C., & Yen, C. F. (2012). Change in quality of life and its predictors in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in taiwan: An 18-month follow-up study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(3), 213\u2013219.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"4019_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.009","volume":"157","author":"B Nosyk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nosyk, B., Bray, J. W., Wittenberg, E., Aden, B., Eggman, A. A., Weiss, R. D., Potter, J., Ang, A., Hser, Y. I., Ling, W., & Schackman, B. R. (2015). Short term health-related quality of life improvement during opioid agonist treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 157, 121\u2013128.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"4019_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.003","volume":"118","author":"B Nosyk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nosyk, B., Guh, D. P., Sun, H., Oviedo-Joekes, E., Brissette, S., Marsh, D. C., Schechter, M. T., & Anis, A. H. (2011). Health related quality of life trajectories of patients in opioid substitution treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2), 259\u2013264.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"4019_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2004.08.001","volume":"34","author":"JA Singh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singh, J. A., Nelson, D. B., Fink, H. A., & Nichol, K. L. (2005). Health-related quality of life predicts future health care utilization and mortality in veterans with self-reported physician-diagnosed arthritis: The veterans arthritis quality of life study. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34(5), 755\u2013765.","journal-title":"Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00072.x","volume":"64","author":"DL Mapes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mapes, D. L., Lopes, A. A., Satayathum, S., McCullough, K. P., Goodkin, D. A., Locatelli, F., Fukuhara, S., Young, E. W., Kurokawa, K., Saito, A., Bommer, J., Wolfe, R. A., Held, P. J., & Port, F. K. (2003). Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization: The dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Kidney International, 64(1), 339\u2013349.","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"11","key":"4019_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.11.1274","volume":"165","author":"F Rodr\u00edguez-Artalejo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Artalejo, F., Guallar-Castill\u00f3n, P., Pascual, C. R., Otero, C. M., Montes, A. O., Garc\u00eda, A. N., Conthe, P., Chiva, M. O., Banegas, J. R., & Herrera, M. C. (2005). Health-related quality of life as a predictor of hospital readmission and death among patients with heart failure. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(11), 1274\u20131279.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.30402.x","volume":"20","author":"WE Cunningham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cunningham, W. E., Crystal, S., Bozzette, S., & Hays, R. D. (2005). The association of health-related quality of life with survival among persons with HIV infection in the united States. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(1), 21\u201327.","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"4019_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emuren, L., Welles, S., Polansky, M., Evans, A. A., Macalino, G., Agan, B. K., Chambers, S., Fairchok, M., Kunz, A., Schofield, C., Powers, J., Tramont, E., Banks, S., Kronmann, K., Lalani, T., Clair, S., Tant, K., Bavaro, R., Deiss, M., Diem, R., Kirkland, A., Maves, N., Merritt, R., O\u2019Bryan, S., Okulicz, T., Rhodes, J., Wessely, C., Ferguson, J., Hawley-Molloy, T., Agan, J., Byrne, B., Chu, M., Glancey, X., Macalino, M., Parmelee, G., Pavlin, E., Wang, J., Won, X., Wright, S., Peel, P., Blaylock, S., Burris, J., Decker, H., Ganesan, C., Ressner, A., Wallace, R., & Whitman, D. (2018). Lower health-related quality of life predicts all-cause hospitalization among HIV-infected individuals (Vol. 16, p. 107). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. & Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, H. I. V. W. G1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0931-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12266","volume":"25","author":"E Schron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schron, E., Friedmann, E., & Thomas, S. A. (2014). Does health-related quality of life predict hospitalization or mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation?? Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 25(1), 23\u201328.","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4019_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.004","volume":"57","author":"VS Fan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fan, V. S., Au, D. H., McDonell, M. B., & Fihn, S. D. (2004). Intraindividual change in SF-36 in ambulatory clinic primary care patients predicted mortality and hospitalizations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57(3), 277\u2013283.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4019_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00681.x","volume":"54","author":"DA Dorr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dorr, D. A., Jones, S. S., Burns, L., Donnelly, S. M., Brunker, C. P., Wilcox, A., & Clayton, P. D. (2006). Use of health-related, quality-of-life metrics to predict mortality and hospitalizations in community-dwelling seniors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(4), 667\u2013673.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"4019_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.05.001","volume":"67","author":"E Krebs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krebs, E., Kerr, T., Wood, E., & Nosyk, B. (2016). Characterizing long-term health related quality of life trajectories of individuals with opioid use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 67, 30\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"4019_CR48","unstructured":"Sundhedsstyrelsen (2023). 15 September 2023). Generelt om stoffer. Retrieved 25.07.2024, from https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/da\/Borger\/En-sund-hverdag\/Stoffer\/Generelt-om-stoffer"},{"key":"4019_CR49","unstructured":"Danish Health Authority. (2024). Stofmisbrugsbehandling\u2013 eftersp\u00f8rgsel Og tilg\u00e6ngelighed. Narkotikasituationen i Danmark - delrapport (Vol. 3). Sundhedsstyrelsen."},{"key":"4019_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvamme, T. L., Thylstrup, B., & Hesse, M. (2024). Quality of life assessment in Danish heroin assisted treatment patients: Validity of the SF-36 survey. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4463738"},{"issue":"6","key":"4019_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473\u2013483.","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4019_CR52","unstructured":"Sundhedsstyrelsen. (2021). Evaluering Af Ordningen med l\u00e6geordineret heroin Til opioidafh\u00e6ngige patienter. Opg\u00f8relse over \u00c5rene 2013\u20132020. Sundhedsstyrelsen."},{"issue":"5","key":"4019_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v105.i05","volume":"105","author":"SH Chiou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiou, S. H., Xu, G., Yan, J., & Huang, C. Y. (2023). Regression modeling for recurrent events possibly with an informative terminal event using R package ReReg. Journal of Statistical Software, 105(5), 1\u201334.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"468","key":"4019_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001033","volume":"99","author":"CY Huang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang, C. Y., & Wang, M. C. (2004). Joint modeling and estimation for recurrent event processes and failure time data. Journal of American Statistical Association, 99(468), 1153\u20131165.","journal-title":"Journal of American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR55","first-page":"20","volume":"8","author":"VM Muggeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muggeo, V. M. (2008). Segmented: An R package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships. R News, 8(1), 20\u201325.","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"4019_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","volume":"14","author":"KL Nylund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535\u2013569.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x","volume":"106","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Mathers, B., Briegleb, C., Ali, H., Hickman, M., & McLaren, J. (2011). Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction, 106(1), 32\u201351.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"4019_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000606","volume":"14","author":"A Bahji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahji, A., Cheng, B., Gray, S., & Stuart, H. (2020). Mortality among people with opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(4), e118\u2013e132.","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"4019_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000530822","volume":"29","author":"D Eide","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eide, D., Skurtveit, S., Clausen, T., Hesse, M., Mrav\u010d\u00edk, V., Nechansk\u00e1, B., Rolova, G., Thylstrup, B., Tjagvad, C., Seid, A. K., Odsbu, I., & Gabrhel\u00edk, R. (2023). Cause-specific mortality among patients in treatment for opioid use disorder in multiple settings: A prospective comparative cohort study. European Addiction Research, 29(4), 272\u2013284.","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"key":"4019_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.02.009","volume":"77","author":"RM Pavarin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavarin, R. M., Fioritti, A., & Sanchini, S. (2017). Mortality trends among heroin users treated between 1975 and 2013 in Northern italy: Results of a longitudinal study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 77, 166\u2013173.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"4019_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.005","volume":"79","author":"J Rehm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rehm, J., Frick, U., Hartwig, C., Gutzwiller, F., Gschwend, P., & Uchtenhagen, A. (2005). Mortality in heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland 1994\u20132000. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79(2), 137\u2013143.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"4019_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104025","volume":"116","author":"HL Poulter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poulter, H. L., Walker, T., Ahmed, D., Moore, H. J., Riley, F., Towl, G., & Harris, M. (2023). More than just \u2018free heroin\u2019: Caring whilst navigating constraint in the delivery of Diamorphine assisted treatment. International Journal of Drug Policy, 116, 104025.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00808-8","volume":"20","author":"R Ellefsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellefsen, R., W\u00fcsthoff, L. E. C., & Arnevik, E. A. (2023). Patients\u2019 satisfaction with heroin-assisted treatment: A qualitative study. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(1), 73.","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"4019_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104367","volume":"126","author":"HL Poulter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poulter, H. L., Moore, H. J., Ahmed, D., Riley, F., Walker, T., & Harris, M. (2024). Co-located heroin assisted treatment within primary care: A preliminary analysis of the implications for healthcare access, cost, and treatment delivery in the UK. International Journal of Drug Policy, 126, 104367.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00785-y","volume":"20","author":"F Riley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riley, F., Harris, M., Poulter, H. L., Moore, H. J., Ahmed, D., Towl, G., & Walker, T. (2023). This is hardcore\u2019: A qualitative study exploring service users\u2019 experiences of Heroin-Assisted treatment (HAT) in middlesbrough, England. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(1), 66.","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018","volume":"131","author":"LC van Boekel","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1), 23\u201335.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"4019_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.04.004","volume":"57","author":"CE Paquette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paquette, C. E., Syvertsen, J. L., & Pollini, R. A. (2018). Stigma at every turn: Health services experiences among people who inject drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 57, 104\u2013110.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"4019_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816ff35a","volume":"16","author":"D Rosen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosen, D., Smith, M. L., & Reynolds, C. F. (2008). The prevalence of mental and physical health disorders among older methadone patients. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(6), 488\u2013497.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4019_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00311-4","volume":"15","author":"D Medved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Medved, D., Clausen, T., Bukten, A., Bj\u00f8rnestad, R., & E Muller, A. (2020). Large and non-specific somatic disease burdens among ageing, long-term opioid maintenance treatment patients. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 15(1), 87.","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy"},{"key":"4019_CR70","unstructured":"Frey, K., Pestoni, A., & H\u00e4usermann, M. (2021). Situationsanalyse der Heroingest\u00fctzten behandlung (HeGeBe). Bundesamtes f\u00fcr Gesundheit (BAG)."},{"issue":"7_suppl","key":"4019_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811399956","volume":"39","author":"LC Thygesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thygesen, L. C., Daasnes, C., Thaulow, I., & Br\u00f8nnum-Hansen, H. (2011). Introduction to Danish (nationwide) registers on health and social issues: Structure, access, legislation, and archiving. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39(7_suppl), 12\u201316.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"4019_CR72","unstructured":"Danish Health Data Authority (2023). Indberetning af injicerbar herion og metadon: Sundhedsdatastyrelsen."}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:44:43Z","timestamp":1781606683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04019-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with study guidelines outlined in the STROBE and REPORT statement and was conducted in line with Danish legal provisions regarding registry-based research. In Denmark, registry-based research using data collected for administrative, statistical, or quality monitoring purposes does not require ethical approval under Danish law [\n                      \n                      ]. The regional ethics committees do not evaluate studies based solely on such register data. Instead, the use of registry data for research is governed by the Danish Data Protection Agency, Statistics Denmark, and the Danish Health Data Authority. A formal data protection approval is not always required, as the Danish Data Protection Agency grants overall approval to both Statistics Denmark and the Danish Health Data Authority due to their high-security systems. Research projects using only data from these agencies are indirectly approved upon receiving approval. The data used in this study were collected as part of routine quality monitoring [\n                      \n                      ] and were made available for research following approval by the Danish Data Protection Agency. Data are stored on secure servers at Statistics Denmark, a governmental institution that securely maintains electronic records for statistical and scientific purposes, and all linkages were performed within their system. Researchers only had access to pseudonymized data, and data could not be accessed outside its and the Danish Health Data Authority\u2019s platforms. The study was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}