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However, no review has examined their psychometric properties. This article systematically reviewed the psychometric properties of OMIs in pediatric DB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Articles that developed or evaluated measurement properties of OMIs for pediatric DB were included. EbscoHost CINAHL Ultimate, Cochrane Library, Ovid Embase, EMCare, and Medline were searched from inception to October 10, 2024. Methodological quality and psychometric properties were assessed and synthesised using the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) methodology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After screening 14,240 references, three articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying two OMIs: the Hyperventilation Syndrome Ambroise-Par\u00e9 (SHAPE) in French and the Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ). SHAPE showed \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>doubtful<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019 OMI development and content validity with an \u2018indeterminate\u2019 rating for the results. One study reported\n                      <jats:italic>\u2018inadequate\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                      methodological quality for structural validity, though the property itself was rated \u2018sufficient\u2019. Another study had\n                      <jats:italic>\u2018very good\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                      methodological quality, with\n                      <jats:italic>\u2018sufficient\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                      ratings for the criterion and discriminative validity. The NQ was evaluated for convergent validity; the methodological quality was \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>inadequate<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019, but the property was rated \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>sufficient<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019. GRADE quality of evidence for SHAPE\u2019s development and content validity was not graded due to indeterminate results. For the remaining measurement properties, evidence quality ranged from low to very low across studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SHAPE questionnaire has preliminary support from OMI development and shows promise in some psychometric domains. The NQ lacks pediatric validation. Development of age-appropriate, clinically relevant OMIs is essential for accurate DB assessment in children.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>PROSPERO No<\/jats:italic>\n                      : CRD42024530540.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-04078-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1760104827000},"page":"3039-3049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measurement properties of outcome measurement instruments for pediatric dysfunctional breathing: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-2817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekar","family":"Rathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derick","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charanjet","family":"Malotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olalekan Lee","family":"Aiyegbusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad","family":"Nagakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4078_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20170347","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-3713\/e20170347","volume":"45","author":"LS Vidotto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vidotto, L. 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He declares personal fees from Gilead Sciences, Merck, Innovate UK, and GSK outside the submitted work. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}