{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T02:34:15Z","timestamp":1769308455018,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T09:31:16Z","timestamp":1767432676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward characterizing brain fog in long COVID: correlates and impact on measurement metrics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn E.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Borowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","volume":"22","author":"JB Soriano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soriano, J. B., Murthy, S., Marshall, J. C., Relan, P., & Diaz, J. V. (2022). A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(4), e102\u2013e107.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"4102_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions. 2024 March 14, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/long-term-effects\/index.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329683","volume":"94","author":"L McWhirter","year":"2023","unstructured":"McWhirter, L., Smyth, H., Hoeritzauer, I., Couturier, A., Stone, J., & Carson, A. J. (2023). What is brain fog? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 94(4), 321\u2013325.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27404","volume":"94","author":"AA Asadi-Pooya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Akbari, A., Emami, A., Lotfi, M., Rostamihosseinkhani, M., Nemati, H., Barzegar, Z., Kabiri, M., Zeraatpisheh, Z., Farjoud-Kouhanjani, M., & Jafari, A. (2022). Long COVID syndrome-associated brain fog. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(3), 979\u2013984.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"4102_CR5","unstructured":"Tunstall, J. (1850). Brain Fag, in The Bath waters: their uses and effects in the cure and relief of various chronic diseases. John Churchill & Sons: London"},{"key":"4102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1775428","volume":"35","author":"OA Ayonrinde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayonrinde, O. A. (2020). Brain fag: A syndrome associated with \u2019overstudy\u2019 and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain. International Review of Psychiatry, 35, 520\u2013535.","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"4102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.106.443.559","volume":"106","author":"R Prince","year":"1960","unstructured":"Prince, R. (1960). The brain fag syndrome in Nigerian students. Journal Mental Science, 106, 559\u2013570.","journal-title":"Journal Mental Science"},{"key":"4102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2025.01.003","author":"P Denno","year":"2025","unstructured":"Denno, P., Zhao, S., Husain, M., & Hampshire, A. (2025). Defining brain fog across medical conditions. Trends in Neurosciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2025.01.003","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"4102_CR9","volume":"4","author":"AJ Ocon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ocon, A. J. (2013). Caught in the thickness of brain fog: Exploring the cognitive symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, Article 63.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"4102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-013-0212-z","volume":"23","author":"AJ Ross","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ross, A. J., Medow, M. S., Rowe, P. C., & Stewart, J. M. (2013). What is brain fog? An evaluation of the symptom in postural tachycardia syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research, 23, 305\u2013311.","journal-title":"Clinical Autonomic Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"4102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0139","volume":"32","author":"MH Samuels","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samuels, M. H., & Bernstein, L. J. (2022). Brain fog in hypothyroidism: What is it, how is it measured, and what can be done about it. Thyroid, 32(7), 752\u2013763.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11014","volume":"20","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenberg, R., Thorpy, M. J., Doghramji, K., & Morse, A. M. (2024). Brain fog in central disorders of hypersomnolence: A review. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 20(4), 643\u2013651.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"4102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0295593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295593","volume":"18","author":"TR Elliott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elliott, T. R., Hsiao, Y. Y., Randolph, K., Urban, R. J., Sheffield-Moore, M., Pyles, R. B., Masel, B. E., Wexler, T., & Wright, T. J. (2023). Efficient assessment of brain fog and fatigue: Development of the fatigue and altered cognition scale (FACs). PLoS ONE, 18(12), e0295593.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-015-8716-3","volume":"63","author":"M Mackay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mackay, M. (2015). Lupus brain fog: A biologic perspective on cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunologic Research, 63, 26\u201337.","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2021.1892627","volume":"24","author":"R Reuben","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reuben, R., Karkaby, L., McNamee, C., Phillips, N. A., & Einstein, G. (2021). Menopause and cognitive complaints: Are ovarian hormones linked with subjective cognitive decline? Climacteric, 24(4), 321\u2013332.","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"4102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.10.028","volume":"83","author":"LJ Bernstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernstein, L. J., McCreath, G. A., Komeylian, Z., & Rich, J. B. (2017). Cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy depends on control group type and cognitive domains assessed: A multilevel meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 417\u2013428.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"4102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2430833","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.30833","volume":"7","author":"SJ Mayo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayo, S. J., Edelstein, K., Atenafu, E. G., Ajaj, R., Li, M., & Bernstein, L. J. (2024). Cognitive symptoms across diverse cancers. JAMA Network Open, 7(8), e2430833\u2013e2430833.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"4102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","author":"HE Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis, H. E., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re\u2019em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2021). Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29521-z","volume":"13","author":"M Whitaker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitaker, M., Elliott, J., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Riley, S., Darzi, A., Cooke, G., Ward, H., & Elliott, P. (2022). Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 606,434 people in England. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1957.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"4102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","volume":"101","author":"F Ceban","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Rodrigues, N. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Cao, B., & Lin, K. (2022). Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 101, 93\u2013135.","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon, S., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Perelman, C., Sepulveda, R., Rebolledo, P. A., Cuapio, A., & Villapol, S. (2021). More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 16144.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab297","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab297","volume":"4","author":"JB Badenoch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badenoch, J. B., Rengasamy, E. R., Watson, C., Jansen, K., Chakraborty, S., Sundaram, R. D., Hafeez, D., Burchill, E., Saini, A., Thomas, L., & Cross, B. (2022). Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Communications, 4(1), fcab297.","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"4102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009","volume":"88","author":"C van der Feltz-Cornelis","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der Feltz-Cornelis, C., Turk, F., Sweetman, J., Khunti, K., Gabbay, M., Shepherd, J., Montgomery, H., Strain, W. D., Lip, G. Y., Wootton, D., & Watkins, C. L. (2024). Prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog in people with long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis. General hospital psychiatry, 88, 10\u201322.","journal-title":"General hospital psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4102_CR24","first-page":"e056366","volume":"12","author":"C Callan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Callan, C., Ladds, E., Husain, L., Pattinson, K., & Greenhalgh, T. (2022). I can\u2019t cope with multiple inputs: A qualitative study of the lived experience of brain fog\u2019after COVID-19. British Medical Journal Open, 12(2), e056366.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"23","key":"4102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15499","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315499","volume":"19","author":"EE Chasco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chasco, E. E., Dukes, K., Jones, D., Comellas, A. P., Hoffman, R. M., & Garg, A. (2022). Brain fog and fatigue following COVID-19 infection: An exploratory study of patient experiences of long COVID. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15499.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03309-8","volume":"31","author":"GK Wood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wood, G. K., Sargent, B. F., Ahmad, Z. U. A., Tharmaratnam, K., Dunai, C., Egbe, F. N., Martin, N. H., Facer, B., Pendered, S. L., Rogers, H. C., & H\u00fcbel, C. (2025). Post hospitalization COVID-19 cognitive deficits at 1 year are global and associated with elevated brain injury markers and gray matter volume reduction. Nature Medicine, 31(1), 245\u2013257.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"4102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123440","volume":"11","author":"G Jennings","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jennings, G., Monaghan, A., Xue, F., Duggan, E., & Romero-Ortu\u00f1o, R. (2022). Comprehensive clinical characterisation of brain fog in adults reporting long COVID symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(12), 3440.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"4102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06285-4","volume":"43","author":"V Cristillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cristillo, V., Pilotto, A., Piccinelli, S. C., Gipponi, S., Leonardi, M., Bezzi, M., & Padovani, A. (2022). Predictors of \u201cbrain fog\u201d 1 year after COVID-19 disease. Neurological Sciences, 43(10), 5795\u20135797.","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"4102_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"274","author":"M Ruzicka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruzicka, M., Sachenbacher, S., Heimkes, F., Uebleis, A. O., Karch, S., Grosse-Wentrup, F., Ibarra Fonseca, G. J., Wunderlich, N., Bogner, J., Mayerle, J., & von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. (2024). Characterization of cognitive symptoms in post COVID-19 patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 274, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16084","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16084","volume":"32","author":"C Delgado-Alonso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Delgado-Alonso, C., D\u00edez-Cirarda, M., Pag\u00e1n, J., P\u00e9rez-Izquierdo, C., Oliver-Mas, S., Fern\u00e1ndez-Romero, L., Mart\u00ednez-Petit, \u00c1., Valles-Salgado, M., Gil-Moreno, M. J., Yus, M., & Mat\u00edas-Guiu, J. (2025). Unraveling brain fog in post-COVID syndrome: relationship between subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive function, fatigue, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. European Journal of Neurology, 32(1), e16084.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpae002","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpae002","volume":"5","author":"KJ Reid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reid, K. J., Ingram, L. T., Jimenez, M., Orban, Z. S., Abbott, S. M., Grimaldi, D., Knutson, K. L., Zee, P. C., Koralnik, I. J., & Maas, M. B. (2024). Impact of sleep disruption on cognitive function in patients with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Initial findings from a Neuro-COVID-19 clinic. Sleep Advances, 5(1), zpae002.","journal-title":"Sleep Advances"},{"key":"4102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100163","volume":"9","author":"M Almeria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeria, M., Cejudo, J. C., Sotoca, J., Deus, J., & Krupinski, J. (2020). Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health, 9, 100163.","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54613-9","volume":"14","author":"S Arbula","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arbula, S., Pisanu, E., Bellavita, G., Menichelli, A., Lunardelli, A., Furlanis, G., Manganotti, P., Cappa, S., & Rumiati, R. (2024). Insights into attention and memory difficulties in post-COVID syndrome using standardized neuropsychological tests and experimental cognitive tasks. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 4405.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010494","volume":"20","author":"G Craparo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Craparo, G., La Rosa, V. L., Commodari, E., Marino, G., Vezzoli, M., Faraci, P., Vicario, C. M., Cin\u00e0, G. S., Colombi, M., Arcoleo, G., & Severino, M. (2022). What is the role of psychological factors in long COVID syndrome? Latent class analysis in a sample of patients recovered from COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 494.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001792","volume":"212","author":"W Dang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dang, W., Li, W., Liu, H., Li, C., Zhu, T., Bai, L., Yang, R., Wang, J., Liao, X., Liu, B., & Zhang, S. (2024). Psychosocial Factors associated with long-term cognitive impairment among COVID-19 survivors: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 212(8), 437\u2013444.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"4102_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06001-y","volume":"20","author":"E Ladds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ladds, E., Rushforth, A., Wieringa, S., Taylor, S., Rayner, C., Husain, L., & Greenhalgh, T. (2020). Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: Qualitative study of 114 \u201clong Covid\u201d patients and draft quality principles for services. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0280943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280943","volume":"18","author":"E Cooper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cooper, E., Lound, A., Atchison, C. J., Whitaker, M., Eccles, C., Cooke, G. S., Elliott, P., & Ward, H. (2023). Awareness and perceptions of Long COVID among people in the REACT programme: Early insights from a pilot interview study. PLoS ONE, 18(1), e0280943.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2023.53","volume":"41","author":"M Colizzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Colizzi, M., Comacchio, C., De Martino, M., Peghin, M., Bontempo, G., Chiappinotto, S., Fonda, F., Isola, M., Tascini, C., Balestrieri, M., & Palese, A. (2024). COVID-19-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms can persist long after acute infection: A 2-year prospective study of biobehavioral risk factors and psychometric outcomes. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(3), 276\u2013283.","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"4102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","volume":"8","author":"EL Graham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graham, E. L., Clark, J. R., Orban, Z. S., Lim, P. H., Szymanski, A. L., Taylor, C., DiBiase, R. M., Jia, D. T., Balabanov, R., Ho, S. U., & Batra, A. (2021). Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 long haulers. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 8(5), 1073\u20131085.","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology"},{"key":"4102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804937","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.804937","volume":"14","author":"P Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, P., Benito Ballesteros, A., Yeung, S. P., Liu, R., Saha, A., Curtis, L., Kaser, M., Haggard, M. P., & Cheke, L. G. (2022). COVCOG 2: Cognitive and memory deficits in long COVID\u2014a second publication from the COVID and cognition study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 804937.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"4102_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3968","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16027","volume":"30","author":"A Nicotra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicotra, A., Masserini, F., Calcaterra, F., Di Vito, C., Doneddu, P. E., Pomati, S., Nobile-Orazio, E., Riva, A., Mavilio, D., & Pantoni, L. (2023). What do we mean by long COVID? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. European Journal of Neurology, 30(12), 3968\u20133978.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62050-x","volume":"14","author":"A Bland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bland, A., Barraclough, M., Trender, W. R., Mehta, M. A., Hellyer, P. J., Hampshire, A., Penner, I. K., Elliott, R., & Harenwall, S. (2024). Profiles of objective and subjective cognitive function in Post-COVID Syndrome, COVID-19 recovered, and COVID-19 na\u00efve individuals. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 13368.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"4102_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122831","volume":"12","author":"A Malioukis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malioukis, A., Snead, R. S., Marczika, J., & Ambalavanan, R. (2024). Pathophysiological, neuropsychological, and psychosocial influences on neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: Impacts on recovery and symptom persistence. Biomedicines, 12(12), 2831.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4102_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowski, J., Ostrowska, S. A., Klaudel, T., Zaborska, M., Chruszcz, M., Sztangreciak-Lehun, A., & Bu\u0142dak, R. J. (2025) Neuropsychiatric disorders in the course to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, including biological pathomechanisms, psychosocial factors and long COVID-19 associated with brain fog. Journal of NeuroVirology, 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-025-01242-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"4102_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562","volume":"180","author":"S Galea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817\u2013818.","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"4102_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109856","volume":"143","author":"A Gigante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gigante, A., Aquili, A., Farinelli, L., Caraffa, A., Ronconi, G., Gallenga, C. E., Tet\u00e8, G., Kritas, S. K., & Conti, P. (2020). Sodium chromo-glycate and palmitoylethanolamide: A possible strategy to treat mast cell-induced lung inflammation in COVID-19. Medical Hypotheses, 143, 109856.","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"6","key":"4102_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30171-1","volume":"7","author":"D Gunnell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., Khan, M., O\u2019Connor, R. C., Pirkis, J., Caine, E. D., & Chan, L. F. (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 468\u2013471.","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4102_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.06.009","volume":"158","author":"D Nuzzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nuzzo, D., & Picone, P. (2020). Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection. Neuroscience Research, 158, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"4102_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105295","volume":"131","author":"N Kappelmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kappelmann, N., Dantzer, R., & Khandaker, G. M. (2021). Interleukin-6 as potential mediator of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms of COVID-19. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 131, Article 105295.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4102_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","volume":"383","author":"B Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510\u2013512.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"4102_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060","volume":"77","author":"MA Reger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reger, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). Suicide mortality and coronavirus disease 2019: A perfect storm? JAMA Psychiatry, 77(11), 1093\u20131094.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"4102_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057","volume":"77","author":"YT Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang, Y. T., Jin, Y., & Cheung, T. (2020). Joint international collaboration to combat mental health challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 989\u2013990.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"4102_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195529","volume":"11","author":"MD Orfei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orfei, M. D., Porcari, D. E., D\u2019Arcangelo, S., Maggi, F., Russignaga, D., & Ricciardi, E. (2022). A new look on long-COVID effects: The functional brain fog syndrome. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(19), 5529.","journal-title":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"key":"4102_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-2-16","volume":"2","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., & Rapkin, B. D. (2004). Reconsidering the psychometrics of quality of life assessment in light of response shift and appraisal. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 16.","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"4102_CR55","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"9","key":"4102_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03700-5","volume":"33","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., & Borowiec, K. (2024). Disabled from work and depressed: Cognitive factors associated with exacerbated or attenuated depression over the COVID-19 pandemic. Quality of Life Research, 33(9), 2517\u20132528.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-022-00514-2","volume":"6","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., Biletch, E., & Rapkin, B. D. (2022). Race-related differences in the economic, healthcare-access, and psychological impact of COVID-19: Personal resources associated with resilience. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 6(1), 113.","journal-title":"Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03573-0","volume":"33","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., Li, Y., & Rapkin, B. D. (2024). Individual differences in the long-term impact of the pandemic: Moderators of COVID-related hardship, worry, and social support. Quality of Life Research, 33(4), 927\u2013939.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-023-00600-z","volume":"7","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., & Rapkin, B. D. (2023). Depression trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of cognitive appraisal processes. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 7, 67.","journal-title":"Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"issue":"9","key":"4102_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03700-5","volume":"33","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., & Rapkin, B. D. (2024). The faces of Long COVID: Experiences of stress, hardship, discrimination and health-related quality of life in a United States national sample. Quality of Life Research, 33(9), 2517\u20132528.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365657","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1365657","volume":"12","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., Waldman, A. H., Sutherland, T., Contreras, B., Abatan, E., Huang, I. C., Rohde, G., Rapkin, B. D., & Skolasky, R. L. (2024). Emerging priorities and concerns in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative and quantitative findings from a United States national survey. Frontiers in Public Health, Section Public Mental Health, 12, 1365657.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health, Section Public Mental Health"},{"issue":"26","key":"4102_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1476-2","volume":"26","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Finkelstein, J. A., & Rapkin, B. D. (2017). Appraisal assessment in patient-reported outcome research: Methods for uncovering the personal context and meaning of quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 26(26), 545\u2013554.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1633-2","volume":"26","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Michael, W., & Rapkin, B. D. (2017). Resilience to health challenges is related to different ways of thinking: Mediators of quality of life in a heterogeneous rare-disease cohort. Quality of Life Research, 26, 3075\u20133088.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"4102_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","volume":"94","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Quaranto, B. R., Healy, B. C., Benedict, R. H., & Vollmer, T. L. (2013). Cognitive reserve and symptom experience in multiple sclerosis: A buffer to disability progression over time? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(10), 1971\u20131981.","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205510291877344","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918773440","volume":"5","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Zhang, J., Michael, W., Eton, D. T., & Rapkin, B. D. (2018). Reserve-building activities attenuate treatment burden in chronic illness: The mediating role of appraisal and social support. Health psychology Open, 5(1), 2055102918773440.","journal-title":"Health psychology Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07709-2","volume":"25","author":"RL Skolasky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skolasky, R. L., Finkelstein, J. A., & Schwartz, C. E. (2024). Associations of cognitive appraisal and patient activation on disability and mental health outcomes: A prospective cohort study of patients undergoing spine surgery. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 25(1), 595.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"4102_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-021-00386-y","volume":"5","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Stark, R. B., Audhya, I. F., & Gooch, K. L. (2021). Characterizing the impact of duchenne muscular dystrophy on caregivers: A case-control investigation. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 5, 124.","journal-title":"Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"key":"4102_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-022-00425-2","volume":"6","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Stark, R. B., Borowiec, K., Audhya, I. F., & Gooch, K. L. (2022). Interplay of patient disability, caregiver burden, and out-of-pocket expenses in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 6, 21.","journal-title":"Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"key":"4102_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-022-00421-6","volume":"6","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Stark, R. B., Borowiec, K., & Rapkin, B. D. (2022). Drivers of caregiver burden in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 6, 22.","journal-title":"Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"},{"key":"4102_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1694-2","volume":"27","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Michael, W., Zhang, J., Rapkin, B. D., & Sprangers, M. A. (2018). Assessing reserve-building pursuits and person characteristics: Psychometric validation of the DeltaQuest reserve-building measure. Quality of Life Research, 27, 423\u2013436.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR71","unstructured":"Tsacoumis, S., & Willison, S. (2010) O*NET analyst occupational skill ratings: Procedures, H.R.R. organization, Editor. National Center for O*NET Development: Raleigh, NC"},{"key":"4102_CR72","unstructured":"National Center for O*NET Development. O*NET Online (2017). Available from: https:\/\/www.onetonline.org\/"},{"key":"4102_CR73","unstructured":"NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) and NIH Disaster Research program (DR2), COVID-19 BSSR Research Tools. 2020, NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR): Bethesda, MD"},{"issue":"6","key":"4102_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30267-8","volume":"12","author":"K Sanders-Phillips","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996). Correlates of health promotion behaviors in low-income Black women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(6), 450\u2013458.","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.1.63","volume":"56","author":"KD Jaffee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jaffee, K. D., Liu, G. C., Canty-Mitchell, J., Qi, R. A., Austin, J., & Swigonski, N. (2005). Race, urban community stressors, and behavioral and emotional problems of children with special health care needs. Psychiatric Services, 56(1), 63\u201369.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"4102_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1600-y","volume":"26","author":"BD Rapkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rapkin, B. D., Garcia, I., Michael, W., Zhang, J., & Schwartz, C. E. (2017). Distinguishing appraisal and personality influences on quality of life in chronic illness: Introducing the quality-of-life appraisal profile version 2. Quality of Life Research, 26, 2815\u20132829.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03962-7","volume":"34","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., & Rapkin, B. D. (2025). Long-COVID symptom burden and the experience of adversity: The importance of response-shift effects over three years of the pandemic. Quality of Life Research, 34, 2233\u20132257.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR78","unstructured":"(NINDS), N.I.o.N.D.a.S., NeuroQOL Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Scoring Manual, version 3.0. 2021"},{"key":"4102_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9496-9","volume":"18","author":"RD Hays","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J. B., Revicki, D. A., Spritzer, K. L., & Cella, D. (2009). Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items. Quality of Life Research, 18, 873\u2013880.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4102_CR80","unstructured":"Patton, M.Q. (2015). The Nature, Niche, Value, and Fruit of Qualitative Inquiry. 4th ed. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications"},{"key":"4102_CR81","unstructured":"Zar, J. (1984). Biostatistical analysis Prentice-Hall International Editions. New Jersey, vol. 718"},{"issue":"3","key":"4102_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2015.1065414","volume":"23","author":"KH Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan, K. H., et al. (2016). Assessing structural equation models by equivalence testing with adjusted fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(3), 319\u2013330.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"4102_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","volume":"88","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588\u2013606.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR84","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1\u201355.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"4102_CR85","unstructured":"Zumbo, B. D. (1999). A Handbook on the theory and methods of differential item functioning (DIF): Logistic regression modeling as a unitary framework for binary and likert-type (Ordinal) item scores. Ottawa, ON: Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense"},{"issue":"4","key":"4102_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.55016\/ojs\/ajer.v45i4.54709","volume":"45","author":"M Gierl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gierl, M., Rogers, W. T., & Klinger, D. A. (1999). Using statistical and judgmental reviews to identify and interpret translation differential item functioning. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 45(4), 353\u2013376.","journal-title":"Alberta Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"4102_CR87","unstructured":"IBM, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. 2021, IBM Corp: Armonk, NY"},{"key":"4102_CR88","unstructured":"StataCorp, Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. (2023). StataCorp LP: College Station, TX"},{"key":"4102_CR89","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K. & Muth\u00e9n B. O. Mplus User's Guide. Eighth ed. 1998\u20132017, Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"issue":"2","key":"4102_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.882658","volume":"21","author":"DA Sass","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sass, D. A., Schmitt, T. A., & Marsh, H. W. (2014). Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: A comparison of estimators. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(2), 167\u2013180.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"4102_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464\u2013504.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"4102_CR92","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCHHSTP Social Determinants of Health. 2022 May 9, 2022 [cited 04\/23\/2024; Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/socialdeterminants\/index.html#:w:text5Social %20determinants%20of%20health%20(SDOH,the%20conditions%20of%20daily%20life93.Brown, T.A., Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 2015: Guilford Publications"},{"key":"4102_CR93","unstructured":"Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications."},{"key":"4102_CR94","volume-title":"Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings","author":"TD Cook","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Houghton Mifflin Company."},{"issue":"1","key":"4102_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00261-X","volume":"9","author":"SL Chellappa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chellappa, S. L. (2025). Addressing multiple neurodivergent identities in clinical and research settings. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 9(1), 5\u20136.","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T14:38:28Z","timestamp":1769092708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04102-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest and report no disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The protocol was reviewed and approved by the WCG Independent Review Board (#2021164).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent prior to beginning the survey.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants agreed to their data being published in a journal article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"22"}}