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In acute COVID-19 and Long COVID, breathing problems and cognitive complaints are common. This study evaluated the inclusion of EQ-5D-5L (bolt-on) items that assess these dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a follow-up of community-based non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in 2020 (n\u2009=\u2009450), we used respiratory and cognitive bolt-on items alongside other questionnaires about 30\u00a0months later (n\u2009=\u2009220). We assessed data quality and construct validity for the bolt-ons, including comparison with concurrently used instruments\u2019 domain and item scores. Bolt-on scores were correlated with pulmonary function tests and tablet-based cognitive tests about 1\u00a0year earlier. Finally, we assessed the contribution of the bolt-ons to variability of the EQ VAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients had none or slight problems with breathing and cognition. The breathing problems bolt-on had an 8% lower ceiling effect, but otherwise a similar response distribution to the mMRC. Cognition bolt-on and four DSQ-SF item scores relating to frequency and severity were similar, except 2\u201313% higher ceiling effects for the former. The breathing bolt-on had a rank correlation of 0.54 with mMRC scores and higher correlations with Dyspnoea-12 scale scores. EQ-5D-5L dimensions explained 54% of variation in EQ VAS scores; the breathing bolt-on contributed a further 2%, but the cognition bolt-on contributed very little.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results support the validity of the two bolt-ons in follow-up of non-hospitalized patients after COVID-19. Adding items of respiratory and cognitive symptoms may enhance the EQ-5D's appropriateness in respiratory and cognitive research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-04133-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:41:56Z","timestamp":1767948116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validity of EQ-5D-5L breathing and cognition bolt-ons in non-hospitalized patients after COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Stavem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Garratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X20969686","volume":"41","author":"AP Finch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Finch, A. 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