{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:59:29Z","timestamp":1785517169816,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["23&ZD188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23&ZD188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1777842154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The validation of the CarerQol instrument and factors associated with quality of life among informal caregivers of disabled older adults in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7232-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengxuan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqian","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangrui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5030-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cate","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4250_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2025). Ageing and health. Retrieved Oct 10, 2025, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health"},{"key":"4250_CR2","unstructured":"Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Office on Aging. (2025). National aging development bulletin. Retrieved Oct 10, 2025, from: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/lianbo\/bumen\/202507\/content_7033724.htm"},{"key":"4250_CR3","unstructured":"Wuda Dongfuren Research Institute. (2024). The scale of elderly disabled population and economic burden in China\u2014China Elderly Health Report (2024). Retrieved Oct 10, 2025, from: https:\/\/finance.sina.com.cn\/hy\/hyjz\/2024-04-30\/doc-inatrchx0495710.shtml"},{"issue":"38","key":"4250_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-3674.2021.01.010","volume":"1","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, L., & Fang, Y. (2021). A study on the projections of disability scale and care costs for urban and rural elderly in China from 2020 to 2050. China Health Statistics, 1(38), 39\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1002-3674.2021.01.010. In Chinese.","journal-title":"China Health Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01708-3","volume":"20","author":"N Lindt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lindt, N., van Berkel, J., & Mulder, B. C. (2020). Determinants of overburdening among informal carers: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), Article 304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01708-3","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321057","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2025). A quantitative evaluation study of China\u2019s long-term care insurance policies based on the PMC index model: A case study of 16 pilot policy texts. PLoS ONE, 20(4), Article e321057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321057","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4250_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1252817","volume":"12","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2024). Evaluation of China\u2019s long-term care insurance policies. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1252817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1252817","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012221106817","volume":"21","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Wu, M. W., Petsky, H., & Moyle, W. (2022). Family carers\u2019 expectations regarding dementia care services and support in China: A qualitative study. Dementia, 21(6), 2004\u20132019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14713012221106817","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0885-1","volume":"18","author":"N Karg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karg, N., Graessel, E., Randzio, O., & Pendergrass, A. (2018). Dementia as a predictor of care-related quality of life in informal caregivers: A cross-sectional study to investigate differences in health-related outcomes between dementia and non-dementia caregivers. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), Article 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-018-0885-1","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02613-5","volume":"24","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, W., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Lu, R., Gao, Y., & Zhong, Y. (2025). Caregiving experiences of family caregivers of disabled middle-aged and older adults enrolled in long-term care insurance: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02613-5","journal-title":"BMC Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220219","volume":"88","author":"AS Mohamad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamad, A. S., Bucholc, J., McCaffrey, N., Mihalopoulos, C., Muldowney, A., & Engel, L. (2022). Understanding the quality of life impacts of providing informal care to people with dementia: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, 88(4), 1293\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220219","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"4250_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.07.005","volume":"23","author":"N McCaffrey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCaffrey, N., Bucholc, J., Rand, S., Hoefman, R., Ugalde, A., Muldowney, A., Mihalopoulos, C., & Engel, L. (2020). Head-to-head comparison of the psychometric properties of 3 Carer-related preference-based instruments. Value Health, 23(11), 1477\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2020.07.005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"4250_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071631","volume":"13","author":"D Khanna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khanna, D., & Tsevat, J. (2007). Health-related quality of life\u2014An introduction. The American Journal of Managed Care, 13(Suppl 9), S218\u2013S223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.071631","journal-title":"The American Journal of Managed Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"4250_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3259","volume":"25","author":"HA Janabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janabi, H. A., Van Exel, J., Brouwer, W., Trotter, C., Glennie, L., Hannigan, L., & Coast, J. (2015). Measuring health spillovers for economic evaluation: A case study in meningitis. Health Economics, 25(12), 1529\u20131544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.3259","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"issue":"9","key":"4250_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-025-01509-9","volume":"43","author":"J Faller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faller, J., Sokolova, V., Belay, Y. B., Chen, G., Mihalopoulos, C., Mulhern, B., & Engel, L. (2025). The psychometric performance of generic preference-based measures in informal carers: A systematic review of validation studies. PharmacoEconomics, 43(9), 1065\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-025-01509-9","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-5994-6","volume":"15","author":"WBF Brouwer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brouwer, W. B. F., van Exel, N. J. A., van Gorp, B., & Redekop, W. K. (2006). The CarerQol instrument: A new instrument to measure care-related quality of life of informal caregivers for use in economic evaluations. Quality of Life Research, 15(6), 1005\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-005-5994-6","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0477-x","volume":"35","author":"RJ Hoefman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoefman, R. J., van Exel, J., & Brouwer, W. B. F. (2017). Measuring care-related quality of life of caregivers for use in economic evaluations: CarerQol tariffs for Australia, Germany, Sweden, UK, and US. PharmacoEconomics, 35(4), 469\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-016-0477-x","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-173","volume":"11","author":"RJ Hoefman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoefman, R. J., van Exel, J., & Brouwer, W. B. (2013). Measuring the impact of caregiving on informal carers: A construct validation study of the CarerQol instrument. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), Article 173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-11-173","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"9","key":"4250_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2025.05.013","volume":"28","author":"C Bailey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bailey, C., Dalziel, K., Constable, L., & Peasgood, T. (2025). Validity and reliability of the EQ-HWB in parents of children with health conditions. Value in Health, 28(9), 1370\u20131379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2025.05.013","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4250_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2025.04.2168","volume":"28","author":"C Bailey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bailey, C., Peasgood, T., Michalowsky, B., & Engel, L. (2025). The psychometric performance of the EQ Health and Wellbeing in caregivers of persons living with dementia. Value in Health, 28(8), 1221\u20131230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2025.04.2168","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"4250_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307930","volume":"19","author":"L Villa-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villa-Garc\u00eda, L., Salvat-Plana, M., Slof, J., P\u00e9rez de la Ossa, N., Abilleira, S., Rib\u00f3, M., Hidalgo-Ben\u00edtez, V., Inzitari, M., & Ribera, A. (2024). Care-related quality of life of informal caregivers of stroke survivors: Cross-sectional analysis of a randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 19(10), Article e307930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307930","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4250_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-022-01930-0","author":"ME Clarijs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clarijs, M. E., Oemrawsingh, A., Br\u00f6ker, M. E. E., Verhoef, C., Lingsma, H., & Koppert, L. B. (2022). Quality of life of caregivers of breast cancer patients: A cross-sectional evaluation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-022-01930-0","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"4250_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad166","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., & Bennett, M. R. (2024). Insights into informal caregivers\u2019 well-being: A longitudinal analysis of care intensity, care location, and care relationship. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbad166","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-025-02379-7","volume":"23","author":"RH Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, R. H., Xu, Y., Zhao, M., Liu, N., Wang, P., Liang, X., & Zhou, L. (2025). Psychometric validation and cultural adaptation of the Chinese version of the CarerQol-7D instrument. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 23(1), 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-025-02379-7","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03881-5","volume":"24","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, J., Li, X., Cheng, Y., Liu, H., Tian, X., Liang, P., & Wang, H. (2025). Empowering informal caregivers of patients with musculoskeletal disorders: A randomized controlled trial of a structured home-based exercise intervention in a resource-limited Chinese community. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 1207\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03881-5","journal-title":"BMC Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115682-20220422-01996","volume":"29","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2023). Challenges and reflections on long-term care services in China. Chinese Journal of Modern Nursing, 29(2), 156\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115682-20220422-01996. In Chinese.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Modern Nursing"},{"key":"4250_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S495034","volume":"19","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, S., Zhao, J., Liu, N., Qin, T., & Wang, F. (2025). Preferences of integrated care and the influencing factors among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Patient Preference and Adherence, 19, 107\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S495034","journal-title":"Patient Preference and Adherence"},{"key":"4250_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf155","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Yi, S., Chen, R., & Zhang, Q. (2025). The efficacy of psychosocial interventions in relieving family caregiver burden in older adults with disabilities: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Age and Ageing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaf155","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"4250_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113113","volume":"259","author":"Y Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Liu, Z., Li, T., Li, Y., Xiao, S., & Tebes, J. K. (2020). Test of the stress process model of family caregivers of people living with schizophrenia in China. Social Science and Medicine, 259, Article 113113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113113","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/30.5.583","volume":"30","author":"LI Pearlin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30(5), 583\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/30.5.583","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/2136956","volume":"30","author":"LI Pearlin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241\u2013256.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"4250_CR32","unstructured":"Reinhard S. C., Given, B., Petlick, N. H. & Bemis A. (2008) Patient safety and quality: An evidence-BASED handbook for nurses. EDN: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); Rockville, MD, USA: Supporting Family Caregivers in Providing Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X13492013","volume":"34","author":"RJ Hoefman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoefman, R. J., van Exel, J., Rose, J. M., van de Wetering, E. J., & Brouwer, W. B. (2014). A discrete choice experiment to obtain a tariff for valuing informal care situations measured with the CarerQol instrument. Medical Decision Making, 34(1), 84\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989X13492013","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"issue":"10","key":"4250_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","volume":"20","author":"M Herdman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M. F., Kind, P., Parkin, D., Bonsel, G., & Badia, X. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of Life Research, 20(10), 1727\u20131736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.016","volume":"20","author":"N Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo, N., Liu, G., Li, M., Guan, H., Jin, X., & Rand-Hendriksen, K. (2017). Estimating an EQ-5D-5L value set for China. Value in Health, 20(4), 662\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2016.11.016","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/29.6.798","volume":"29","author":"M Novak","year":"1989","unstructured":"Novak, M., & Guest, C. (1989). Application of a multidimensional caregiver burden inventory. The Gerontologist, 29(6), 798\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/29.6.798","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12197","volume":"17","author":"M Torrisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torrisi, M., De Cola, M. C., Marra, A., De Luca, R., Bramanti, P., & Calabro, R. S. (2017). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia may predict caregiver burden: A Sicilian exploratory study. Psychogeriatrics, 17(2), 103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12197","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200209000-00009","volume":"51","author":"KR Chou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chou, K. R., Jiann-Chyun, L., & Chu, H. (2002). The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the caregiver burden inventory. Nursing Research, 51(5), 324\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006199-200209000-00009","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504264493","volume":"26","author":"BJ Tarlow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tarlow, B. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Belle, S. H., Rubert, M., Ory, M. G., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2004). Positive aspects of caregiving. Research on Aging, 26(4), 429\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027504264493","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw198","volume":"57","author":"J Siow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siow, J., Chan, A., Ostbye, T., Cheng, G. H., & Malhotra, R. (2017). Validity and reliability of the positive aspects of caregiving (PAC) scale and development of its shorter version (S-PAC) among family caregivers of older adults. The Gerontologist, 57(4), e75\u2013e84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnw198","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53269.x","volume":"53","author":"S Borson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borson, S., Scanlan, J. M., Watanabe, J., Tu, S. P., & Lessig, M. (2005). Simplifying detection of cognitive impairment: Comparison of the Mini-Cog and Mini-Mental State Examination in a multiethnic sample. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(5), 871\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53269.x","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001438","volume":"8","author":"A Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel, A., Parikh, R., Howell, E. H., Hsich, E., Landers, S. H., & Gorodeski, E. Z. (2015). Mini-Cog performance: Novel marker of post discharge risk among patients hospitalized for heart failure. Circulation Heart Failure, 8(1), 8\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001438","journal-title":"Circulation Heart Failure"},{"key":"4250_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xian Y. (2023). Construction and validation of a social vulnerability prediction model for elderly residents in nursing homes. Master's Thesis, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26988\/d.cnki.gcdzu.2023.000658(in Chinese)","DOI":"10.26988\/d.cnki.gcdzu.2023.000658"},{"issue":"7","key":"4250_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x","volume":"47","author":"MT Hoyl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoyl, M. T., Alessi, C. A., Harker, J. O., Josephson, K. R., Pietruszka, F. M., Koelfgen, M., Mervis, J. R., Fitten, L. J., & Rubenstein, L. Z. (1999). Development and testing of a five-item version of the geriatric depression scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(7), 873\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1314","volume":"20","author":"ST Cheng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cheng, S. T., & Chan, A. C. M. (2005). The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale in older Chinese: Thresholds for long and short forms. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(5), 465\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.1314","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15595","volume":"30","author":"MI Naharci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naharci, M. I., & Tasci, I. (2023). Association between depression and motoric cognitive risk syndrome among community\u2010dwelling older adults in China: A 4\u2010year prospective cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 30(2), 558\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15595","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., De Boer, M. R., Van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & De Vet, H. C. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"4250_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5_1581","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research","author":"M Davidson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davidson, M. (2014). Known-groups validity. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 3481\u20133482). Springer."},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02662-8","volume":"30","author":"P Baji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baji, P., Brouwer, W., van Exel, J., Golicki, D., Prevolnik, R. V., Zrubka, Z., et al. (2021). Validation of the Hungarian version of the CarerQol instrument in informal caregivers: Results from a cross-sectional survey among the general population in Hungary. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 30(2), 629\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-020-02662-8","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"4250_CR50","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). LEA.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4250_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1544692","volume":"16","author":"L Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, L., Liu, S., Luo, M., Li, M., & Wang, C. (2025). Social alienation and influencing factors among caregivers of stroke patients in China: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, Article 1544692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1544692","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.01.015","volume":"23","author":"C McLoughlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLoughlin, C., Goranitis, I., & Al-Janabi, H. (2020). Validity and responsiveness of preference-based quality-of-life measures in informal carers: A comparison of 5 measures across 4 conditions. Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 23(6), 782\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2020.01.015","journal-title":"Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"4250_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2024.03.003","volume":"27","author":"M Kuharic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuharic, M., Mulhern, B., Sharp, L. K., Turpin, R. S., & Pickard, A. S. (2024). Comparison of the EQ-HWB and EQ-HWB-S with other preference-based measures among United States informal caregivers. Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 27(7), 967\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2024.03.003","journal-title":"Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099692","volume":"9","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Bi, B., Zheng, L., Li, Z., Yang, H., Song, H., & Sun, Y. (2014). The prevalence and risk factors for depression symptoms in a rural Chinese sample population. PLoS ONE, 9(6), Article e99692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0099692","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14695-4","volume":"22","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wen, J., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Wang, W., Wang, X., Xie, J., & Cong, L. (2022). Associations between e-health literacy and chronic disease self-management in older Chinese patients with chronic non-communicable diseases: a mediation analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 2226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14695-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4250_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05336-7","volume":"52","author":"LW Ten Hoopen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ten Hoopen, L. W., de Nijs, P. F., Duvekot, J., Greaves-Lord, K., Hillegers, M. H., Brouwer, W. B., & Hakkaart-van Roijen, L. (2022). Caring for children with an autism spectrum disorder: Factors associating with health- and care-related quality of life of the caregivers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(11), 4665\u20134678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05336-7","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"4250_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.020","volume":"153","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-M\u00edguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-M\u00edguez, E., Abell\u00e1n-Perpi\u00f1\u00e1n, J. M., Alvarez, X. C., Gonz\u00e1lez, X. M., & Sampayo, A. R. (2016). The DEP-6D, a new preference-based measure to assess health states of dependency. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 153, 210\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.020","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000001028","volume":"45","author":"KS Lyons","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyons, K. S., Firkins, J., Hanan, D. M., Hansen, L., & Hayes-Lattin, B. (2022). The role of financial security on physical and mental health in young-midlife couples surviving cancer. Cancer Nursing, 45(3), 242\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NCC.0000000000001028","journal-title":"Cancer Nursing"},{"key":"4250_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02149-2","author":"L de Jong","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Jong, L., Stahmeyer, J. T., Eberhard, S., Zeidler, J., & Damm, K. (2021). Willingness and preparedness to provide care: Interviews with individuals of different ages and with different caregiving experiences. BMC Geriatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02149-2","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2020.08.011","volume":"49","author":"L Clements","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clements, L., Frazier, S. K., Moser, D. K., Lennie, T. A., & Chung, M. L. (2020). The mediator effects of depressive symptoms on the relationship between family functioning and quality of life in caregivers of patients with heart failure. Heart and Lung, 49(6), 737\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2020.08.011","journal-title":"Heart and Lung"},{"issue":"11","key":"4250_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311616","volume":"19","author":"R Ping","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ping, R., Hu, B., & Oshio, T. (2024). Evaluating the impact of a pilot programme for home- and community-based services on long-term care needs among older adults in China. PLoS ONE, 19(11), Article e311616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311616","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4250_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101632","volume":"25","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2024). The impact of long-term care insurance pilot on the mental health of older adults: Quasi-experimental evidence from China. SSM Population Health, 25, Article 101632.","journal-title":"SSM Population Health"}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:05:23Z","timestamp":1785513923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04250-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Zhongda Hospital Southeast University (2025ZDSYLL502-P01).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"138"}}