{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:10:39Z","timestamp":1794013839380,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L are essential for health economic evaluations. However, existing norms for Singapore were established before the COVID-19 pandemic, whose prolonged health and societal impacts may have rendered them outdated. Updated post-pandemic benchmarks are therefore needed to inform cost-utility analyses and public health policy accurately. This study aimed to establish updated EQ-5D-5L population norms among Singapore residents aged \u2265\u200915 years and to examine variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional household survey between May and July 2024 among Singapore citizens and permanent residents, using a three-stage sampling strategy with demographic quotas. We assessed HRQoL using the EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS. We derived index scores using the Singapore-specific value set. We generated descriptive statistics and used multivariable linear regression to identify independent associations between HRQoL and sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analysis included 2,005 respondents. While 54.6% reported no problems (\u201811111\u2019), pain\/discomfort (30.7%) and anxiety\/depression (27.1%) were the most prevalent issues. The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.933 (SD 0.122), and the mean EQ VAS score was 82.3 (SD 13.3). Multivariable regression showed that older age was most strongly associated with lower HRQoL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher socioeconomic status, measured by income and housing type, was independently associated with better HRQoL. Gender was not significantly associated with either outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides updated, post-pandemic EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore. These norms offer an essential benchmark for interpreting EQ-5D-5L scores in cost-utility analyses and highlight priorities for addressing socioeconomic health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04272-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:34:18Z","timestamp":1780738458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EQ-5D-5L population norms for Singapore: a household survey-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5773-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akemu","family":"Xiamusiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7821-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Jia","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7386-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyun","family":"Shou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2303-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mythily","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling Jie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesnales, N. 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All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial or non-financial interests in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This publication is the result of a thesis submitted to the Karolinska Institute in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's Programme in Health Economics, Policy and Management.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The corresponding author (Ling Jie Cheng) is supported by a National University of Singapore Overseas Post doctoral Fellowship under the Singapore Teaching and Academic Research Talent (START) Award and by the NUS Development Grant. This dataset used in this study was funded by the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY), Singapore. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or report writing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding\/Support","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the National University of Singapore (NUS-IRB; Reference Number: 2023-168). The study is performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and amendments.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Review Committee Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"181"}}