{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:20:03Z","timestamp":1788952803237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-17-1-0335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-17-1-0335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BADER Consortium","award":["W81XWH-11-2-0222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-11-2-0222"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the data analytic strategy used to develop new quality-of-life measures for the Limb Injury Measurement Battery for Quality of Life (LIMB-QOL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several item pools were created and administered to a large sample of individuals with a history of major extremity injury or limb loss (n\u2009=\u2009603). Item analyses adhered to modern psychometric standards (e.g., PROMIS\u00ae, COSMIN) and aimed to create several item response theory-based (IRT) item banks based on the graded response model. Items were removed iteratively based on pre-defined criteria and IRT model assumptions were met for the final item pools (monotonicity, unidimensionality, local item independence); differential item functioning, test\u2013retest reliability, and convergent validity were then evaluated. Computer adaptive test and short-form versions of final item banks were created and examined using data simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Item analyses led to the development of 8 new item banks and two fixed-length scales. These 10 new LIMB-QOL measures demonstrated initial evidence of reliability (\u03b1 range\u2009=\u20090.94\u20130.98, test\u2013retest ICC range: 0.68\u20130.91) and convergent validity for use in individuals with a history of major extremity injury or limb loss, and abbreviated formats of the full item banks exhibited comparable performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The new LIMB-QOL measures demonstrated strong psychometric properties and can be used to collect patient-reported assessments of quality of life following major extremity injury and limb loss. The analytic strategy described herein exemplifies how the PROMIS methodology can be utilized to design IRT-based patient-reported outcome measures to fill measurement gaps for specific clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:56:27Z","timestamp":1783162587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A methodological overview of new measure development for the Limb Injury Measurement Battery for Quality of Life (LIMB-QOL)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Boulton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4777-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung W.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callie E.","family":"Tyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry","family":"Slotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4335-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Tulsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4298_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tulsky, D., Tyner, C., Boulton, A., Kisala, P. A., Slotkin, J., Dearth, C. L., Childers, W. L., Zafonte, R., Kalpak jian, C., Kingsbury, T., Choi, S. W., Sherer, M., Bartlett, S., & Tintle, S. (2026). Overview of the Limb Injury Measurement Battery for Quality of Life (LIMB-QOL). Quality of Life Research https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04310-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04310-z"},{"issue":"11","key":"4298_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","volume":"63","author":"D Cella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., Devellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J. S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., \u2026 Group, P. C. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9958-8","volume":"21","author":"RC Gershon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gershon, R. C., Lai, J. S., Bode, R., Choi, S., Moy, C., Bleck, T., Miller, D., Peterman, A., & Cella, D. (2012). Neuro-QOL: Quality of life item banks for adults with neurological disorders: Item development and calibrations based upon clinical and general population testing. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 21(3), 475\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-011-9958-8","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"4298_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tyner, C. E., Kisala, P. A., Slotkin, J., Cohen, M. L., Cancio, J. M., Pruziner, A. L., Dearth, C. L., & Tulsky, D. S. (2025). Health related quality of life after major extremity trauma: Qualitative research with military service members and clinicians to inform measurement of patient-reported outcomes. Quality of Life Research, 34, 3351-3364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-025-03915-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03915-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000023","volume":"38","author":"DS Tulsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tulsky, D. S., Kisala, P. A., Victorson, D., Tate, D. G., Heinemann, A. W., Charlifue, S., Kirshblum, S. C., Fyffe, D., Gershon, R., Spungen, A. M., Bombardier, C. H., Dyson-Hudson, T. A., Amtmann, D., Jette, A. M., Forchheimer, M., & Cella, D. (2015). Overview of the Spinal Cord Injury-Quality of Life (SCI-QOL) measurement system. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 38(3), 257\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000023","journal-title":"The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/htr.0000000000000131","volume":"31","author":"DS Tulsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tulsky, D. S., Kisala, P. A., Victorson, D., Carlozzi, N., Bushnik, T., Sherer, M., Choi, S., Heinemann, A. W., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Sander, A. M., Englander, J., Hanks, R. A., Kolakowsky-Hayner, S., Roth, E., Gershon, R., Rosenthal, M., & Cella, D. (2016). TBI-QOL: Development and calibration of item banks to measure patient reported outcomes following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(1), 40\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/htr.0000000000000131","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"4298_CR7","unstructured":"PROMIS. (2012). PROMIS instrument development and psychometric evaluation scientific standards from http:\/\/www.nihpromis.com\/Documents\/PROMIS_Standards_050212.pdf"},{"key":"4298_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02822-4","volume":"30","author":"JJ Gagnier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gagnier, J. J., Lai, J., Mokkink, L. B., & Terwee, C. B. (2021). COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 30, 2197\u20132218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-021-02822-4","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4298_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03372160","volume":"34","author":"F Samejima","year":"1969","unstructured":"Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika, 34, 1\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"4298_CR10","volume-title":"PROSETTA stone analysis report: A rosetta stone for patient reported outcomes","author":"S Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi, S., Podrabsky, T., McKinney, N., Schalet, B., Cook, K., & Cella, D. (2012). PROSETTA stone analysis report: A rosetta stone for patient reported outcomes. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4298_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2009.10.002","volume":"35","author":"J Hartig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartig, J., & H\u00f6hler, J. (2009). Multidimensional IRT models for the assessment of competencies. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 35(2\u20133), 57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stueduc.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"issue":"10","key":"4298_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1097\/mlr.0000000000000413","volume":"53","author":"AC Carle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carle, A. C., Riley, W., Hays, R. D., & Cella, D. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) adult domain framework using item response theory scores. Medical Care, 53(10), 894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mlr.0000000000000413","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4298_CR13","volume-title":"Applied missing data analysis","author":"CK Enders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press."},{"key":"4298_CR14","volume-title":"The theory and practice of item response theory","author":"RJ De Ayala","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Ayala, R. J. (2013). The theory and practice of item response theory. Guilford Publications."},{"key":"4298_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110813203","volume-title":"A theory and procedure of scale analysis","author":"RJ Mokken","year":"1971","unstructured":"Mokken, R. J. (1971). A theory and procedure of scale analysis (Vol. Vol. 1). Mouton."},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12078","volume":"70","author":"K Sijtsma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sijtsma, K., & van der Ark, L. A. (2017). A tutorial on how to do a Mokken scale analysis on your test and questionnaire data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 70(1), 137\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bmsp.12078","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4298_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093565","volume":"61","author":"JE Loevinger","year":"1947","unstructured":"Loevinger, J. E. (1947). A systematic approach to the construction and evaluation of tests of ability. Psychological Monographs, 61(4), i. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0093565","journal-title":"Psychological Monographs"},{"key":"4298_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984676","volume-title":"Introduction to nonparametric item response theory","author":"K Sijtsma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sijtsma, K., & Molenaar, I. W. (2002). Introduction to nonparametric item response theory (Vol. 5). Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9682-8","volume":"102","author":"SL Slocum-Gori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Slocum-Gori, S. L., & Zumbo, B. D. (2011). Assessing the unidimensionality of psychological scales: Using multiple criteria from factor analysis. Social Indicators Research, 102(3), 443\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-010-9682-8","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"4298_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","volume":"30","author":"JL Horn","year":"1965","unstructured":"Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289447","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164412449831","volume":"73","author":"SP Reise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(1), 5\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164412449831","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"13","key":"4298_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927808827707","volume":"7","author":"KV Mardia","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mardia, K. V. (1978). Some properties of clasical multi-dimesional scaling. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 7(13), 1233\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03610927808827707","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods"},{"key":"4298_CR23","unstructured":"Tulsky, D., Tyner, C., Boulton, A., Slotkin, J., & Kisala, P. (under review). Resilience and future outlook are a key components of quality of life following limb injury-loss: development of the LIMB-QOL resilience and future outlook item banks and short forms. Quality of Life Research."},{"key":"4298_CR24","unstructured":"Tyner, C., Boulton, A., Slotkin, J., Kisala, P., & Tulsky, D. (under review). Development and psychometric characteristics of the LIMB-QOL Body image and weight satisfaction item banks and short forms. Quality of Life Research."},{"key":"4298_CR25","volume-title":"Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research (Version 1.6.9)","author":"W Revelle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2017). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research (Version 1.6.9). Northwestern University."},{"key":"4298_CR26","unstructured":"Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA."},{"issue":"2","key":"4298_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","volume":"38","author":"LR Tucker","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02291170","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"4298_CR29","volume-title":"EQS structural equations program manual","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual (Vol. 6). Multivariate Software."},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","volume":"88","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"4298_CR31","first-page":"136","volume":"154","author":"MW Browne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing Structural Equation Models, 154, 136\u2013136.","journal-title":"Testing Structural Equation Models"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"4298_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9464-4","volume":"18","author":"KF Cook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cook, K. F., Kallen, M. A., & Amtmann, D. (2009). Having a fit: Impact of number of items and distribution of data on traditional criteria for assessing IRT\u2019s unidimensionality assumption. Quality of Life Research, 18(4), 447\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-009-9464-4","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","volume":"11","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","volume":"51","author":"Y Xia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 409\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124114543236","volume":"44","author":"DA Kenny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124114543236","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"4298_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9183-7","volume":"16","author":"SP Reise","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reise, S. P., Morizot, J., & Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16, 19\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-007-9183-7","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4298_CR38","volume-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"4298_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-008-9101-0","volume":"74","author":"K Sijtsma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 107\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-008-9101-0","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"4298_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000045","volume":"21","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000045","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/00131644221075580","volume":"83","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X., Cao, P., Lai, X., Wen, J., & Yang, Y. (2023). Assessing essential unidimensionality of scales and structural coefficient bias. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 83(1), 28\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00131644221075580","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"4298_CR42","unstructured":"Boulton, A., Tyner, C., Slotkin, J., Kisala, P., & Tulsky, D. (Under Review). Measuring health-related self-efficacy in individuals with major extremity trauma. Quality of Life Research."},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"4298_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04","volume":"45","author":"BB Reeve","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., Thissen, D., Revicki, D. A., Weiss, D. J., Hambleton, R. K., Liu, H., Gershon, R., Reise, S. P., Lai, J. S., Cella, D., Group, P. C. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: Plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S22-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4298_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111411667","volume":"18","author":"PA Pilkonis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., Cella, D., Group, P. C. (2011). Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS\u00ae): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment, 18(3), 263\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191111411667","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"8","key":"4298_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v039.i08","volume":"39","author":"SW Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, S. W., Gibbons, L. E., & Crane, P. K. (2011). Lordif: An R package for detecting differential item functioning using iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression\/item response theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Journal of Statistical Software, 39(8), 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v039.i08","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"4298_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.2007.00029.x","volume":"44","author":"SH Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim, S. H., Cohen, A. S., Alagoz, C., & Kim, S. (2007). DIF detection and effect size measures for polytomously scored items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 44(2), 93\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-3984.2007.00029.x","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1363-x","volume":"26","author":"KF Cook","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cook, K. F., Kallen, M. A., Bombardier, C., Bamer, A. M., Choi, S. W., Kim, J., Salem, R., & Amtmann, D. (2017). Do measures of depressive symptoms function differently in people with spinal cord injury versus primary care patients: The CES-D, PHQ-9, and PROMIS\u00ae-D. Quality of Life Research, 26(1), 139\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-016-1363-x","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4298_CR48","unstructured":"Tyner, C., Boulton, A., Slotkin, J., Kisala, P., & Tulsky, D. (under review). Measuring satisfaction with orthotic and prosthetic devices. Quality of Life Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216000241003","volume":"24","author":"M Orlando","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orlando, M., & Thissen, D. (2000). Likelihood-based item-fit indices for dichotomous item response theory models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 24(1), 50\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01466216000241003","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"4298_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-010-9082-4","volume":"12","author":"T Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang, T., & Chen, T. T. (2011). Performance of the generalized S-X2 item fit index for the graded response model. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(1), 89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12564-010-9082-4","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"key":"4298_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9560-5","volume":"19","author":"SW Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Pilkonis, P. A., Hays, R. D., & Cella, D. (2010). Efficiency of static and computer adaptive short forms compared to full-length measures of depressive symptoms. Quality of Life Research, 19, 125\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-009-9560-5","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"4298_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.10.024","volume":"67","author":"M Rose","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rose, M., Bjorner, J. B., Gandek, B., Bruce, B., Fries, J. F., & Ware, J. E., Jr. (2014). The PROMIS Physical Function item bank was calibrated to a standardized metric and shown to improve measurement efficiency. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(5), 516\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.10.024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:05:11Z","timestamp":1788951911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04298-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Delaware, Brooke Army Medical Center, Kessler Foundation, the James A. Haley VA\/University of South Florida, McGill University, Naval Medical Center San Diego, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital\/Partners Human Research Committee, TIRR\/UTHealth, the University of Michigan, the University of Pennsylvania, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, and the Human Research Protection Office of the Department of Defense. The procedures used in this study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that all individual participants provided informed consent for the publication of results. No identifying information is included in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"223"}}