{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:20:27Z","timestamp":1792783227091,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Griffith University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sc3r913","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal mental health has been linked to a range of offspring outcomes; however, population-based evidence examining intergenerational associations across multiple health-related quality of life (HRQoL) domains over the life course remains limited. This study examines associations between maternal mental health and offspring HRQoL using nationally representative longitudinal data from Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The analytic sample comprised 8,737 offspring linked to 4,966 mothers. Three offspring\u2019s HRQoL outcomes were examined: mental health and general health domain of the SF-36 instrument and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Maternal mental health was measured using the SF-36 mental health domain. Associations were estimated using weighted linear regression models with standard errors clustered at the maternal level, adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Gender differences were examined using interaction terms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher maternal mental health was significantly associated with better offspring mental health in fully adjusted models (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.485 SD,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher maternal mental health was also associated with better offspring general health (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.458 SD,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). For psychological distress, higher maternal psychological distress was associated with higher offspring psychological distress (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.419 SD,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher maternal mental health was also positively associated with offspring psychological distress (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.216 SD,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); however, this reflects differences in measurement constructs (higher distress scores indicate worse outcomes) and should be interpreted cautiously. Associations remained statistically significant after covariate adjustment and did not differ by offspring gender.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal mental health is associated with multiple dimensions of offspring HRQoL across the life course. These findings highlight maternal mental health as an important correlate of offspring health and underscore the relevance of family-centred, preventive strategies aimed at reducing intergenerational inequalities in mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:08:19Z","timestamp":1784822899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intergenerational associations between maternal health and offspring mental wellbeing: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0566-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minnat","family":"Seema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford","family":"Afoakwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4339_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all. World Health Organization."},{"issue":"11","key":"4339_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302630","volume":"105","author":"DE Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283\u20132290.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10157","key":"4339_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X","volume":"392","author":"V Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., & Eaton, J. (2018). The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553\u20131598.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4339_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K","volume":"41","author":"W Group","year":"1995","unstructured":"Group, W. (1995). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social science & medicine, 41(10), 1403\u20131409.","journal-title":"Social Science &amp; Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"4339_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00009","volume":"118","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guyatt, G. H., Feeny, D. H., & Patrick, D. L. (1993). Measuring health-related quality of life. Annals of Internal Medicine, 118(8), 622\u2013629.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-010-0080-1","volume":"14","author":"SH Goodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"issue":"9956","key":"4339_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61277-0","volume":"384","author":"A Stein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stein, A., Pearson, R. M., Goodman, S. H., Rapa, E., Rahman, A., McCallum, M., & Pariante, C. M. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. The Lancet, 384(9956), 1800\u20131819.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"4339_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04126","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.16.04126","volume":"16","author":"M Seema","year":"2026","unstructured":"Seema, M., Afoakwah, C., Tuzel, E., & Byrnes, J. (2026). The impact of disasters on maternal mental health: a systematic review. Journal of Global Health, 16, 04126.","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020025361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-025361","volume":"147","author":"S Goldfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldfeld, S., Bryson, H., Mensah, F., Gold, L., Orsini, F., Perlen, S., & Kemp, L. (2021). Nurse Home Visiting and Maternal Mental Health: 3-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics, 147(2), e2020025361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-025361","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-13-299","volume":"13","author":"K Hancock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hancock, K., Mitrou, F., Shipley, M., Lawrence, D., & Zubrick, S. R. (2013). A three generation study of the mental health relationships between grandparents, parents and children. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-13-299","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579424000919","volume":"37","author":"S Russell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Russell, S., Bird, A., Waldie, K. E., Peterson, E. R., Morton, S., Carr, P. E. A., & Reese, E. (2024). From infancy to eight: How early maternal mental health, emotion reminiscing, and language shape children\u2019s mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 37(2), 1068\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579424000919","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"4339_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickey, C. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology. Understanding Davanloo\u2019s Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (pp. 141\u2013151). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429484506-15"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021236","volume":"8","author":"B McNamara","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNamara, B., Gubhaju, L., Jorm, L., Preen, D., Jones, J., & Joshy, G. (2018). Defying the Odds project investigators. Exploring factors impacting early childhood health among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families and communities: Protocol for a population-based cohort study using data linkage (the \u2018Defying the Odds\u2019 study). BMJ Open, 8(3), e021236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021236.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-015-9356-9","volume":"9","author":"F Perales","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perales, F., O\u2019Flaherty, M., & Baxter, J. (2015). Early life course family structure and children\u2019s socio-emotional and behavioural functioning: A view from Australia. Child Indicators Research, 9(4), 1003\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-015-9356-9","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdag032","volume":"48","author":"M Seema","year":"2026","unstructured":"Seema, M., Afoakwah, C., & Byrnes, J. (2026). Persistent maternal mental health and child\u2019s behavioural, academic, and educational outcomes: Evidence from national longitudinal study. Journal of Public Health, 48(2), 421\u2013429.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4339_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187974","volume":"12","author":"D Christensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christensen, D., Fahey, M., Giallo, R., & Hancock, K. (2017). Longitudinal trajectories of mental health in Australian children aged 4\u20135 to 14\u201315 years. Plos One, 12(11), e0187974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187974","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"4339_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100883","volume":"40","author":"P Frank","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frank, P., Batty, G. D., Pentti, J., Jokela, M., Ervasti, J., Steptoe, A., & Kivim\u00e4ki, M. (2024). Impact of physical and sexual abuse on risk of hospitalisations for physical and mental illnesses: insights from two large prospective cohort studies. The Lancet Regional Health\u2013Europe, 40, 100883.","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health\u2013Europe"},{"issue":"9596","key":"4339_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., G\u00f8tzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. The Lancet, 370(9596), 1453\u20131457.","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR19","first-page":"369","volume":"3","author":"N Watson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watson, N., & Wooden, M. P. (2012). The HILDA survey: A case study in the design and development of a successful household panel survey. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3(3), 369\u2013381.","journal-title":"Longitudinal and Life Course Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"4339_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"WareJr, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-ltem short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473\u2013483.","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"4339_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03919-w","volume":"34","author":"C Afoakwah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Afoakwah, C., Kuwornu, P., Koomson, I., Brain, D., Xia, Q., McPhail, S., & Vallmuur, K. (2025). Recovery trajectories after a serious injury or illness: A longitudinal evaluation of health-related quality of life in an Australian cohort. Quality of Life Research, 34(6), 1657\u20131667.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4339_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118959","volume":"392","author":"C Afoakwah","year":"2026","unstructured":"Afoakwah, C., Koomson, I., Brain, D., McPhail, S., & Kuwornu, J. P. (2026). My family member\u2019s health and my mental health: A longitudinal matched cohort study. Social Science & Medicine, 392, 118959.","journal-title":"Social Science &amp; Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-44","volume":"4","author":"P Butterworth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butterworth, P., & Crosier, T. (2004). The validity of the SF-36 in an Australian National Household Survey: demonstrating the applicability of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to examination of health inequalities. BMC Public Health, 4(1), 44.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4339_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","volume":"32","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959\u2013976.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:05:56Z","timestamp":1789643156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04339-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey has received ongoing ethical approval from the Melbourne Institute Human Research Ethics Committee. The present study involved secondary analysis of fully de-identified unit record data and did not involve direct contact with participants. In accordance with the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007, updated 2023), the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee determined that the project did not require separate ethical review or approval. Access to HILDA data was granted under licence via the Australian Data Archive.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"232"}}