{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:30:56Z","timestamp":1793374256186,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Disability Insurance Agency","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nxgpf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Achieving Health Equity for All People with Disability","award":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"]}]},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Achieving Health Equity for All People with Disability","award":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"]}]},{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Achieving Health Equity for All People with Disability","award":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHMRC CRE: 2035278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Qual Life Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Disability Wellbeing Index (DWI) is a preference-based wellbeing measure developed among people with disabilities. This study examined the psychometric properties of the DWI in both its Standard and Easy English versions and compared them with two Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) instruments, the ASCOT-SCT4 and ASCOT-ER.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an online survey among National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) participants aged \u2265\u00a015 years in 2024. DWI was scored using an Australian preference-based algorithm, and ASCOT was scored using UK preference weights. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman\u2019s correlations between total utility scores and corresponding domain items. We examined underlying constructs between DWI and ASCOT using exploratory factor analyses (EFAs), and known-groups validity using regression analyses comparing scores across groups based on self-rated health, self-advocacy, participation in meaningful leisure activities, and autonomy in decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1871 participants were studied; among them, 39% completed the Easy English\/Read version, and 30% were aged 15\u201324 years. Correlations between DWI and ASCOT were moderate for young people (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.62, Easy English\/Read; \u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.66, Standard) and strong for adults (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.74, Easy English\/Read; \u03c1 = 0.75, Standard). Convergence was strongest for safety items, whereas convergence was weaker for dignity items. EFA indicated partial overlap in underlying constructs. Known-groups validity was supported for both measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings support the construct validity of DWI. DWI and ASCOT focus on different but overlapping aspects. The DWI places a stronger emphasis on general wellbeing, while the ASCOT focuses on social care related quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:07:22Z","timestamp":1790510842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of the Disability Wellbeing Index (DWI) against the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) among people with disability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gozde","family":"Aydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7352-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia","family":"Badji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Petrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4406_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Disability: Key Facts Retrieved October 7, 2025, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/disability-and-health"},{"key":"4406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538519","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1538519","volume":"13","author":"E Umucu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Umucu, E., Vernon, A. A., Pan, D., Qin, S., Solis, G., Campa, R., & Lee, B. (2025). Health inequities among persons with disabilities: A global scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1538519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1538519","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4406_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101543","volume":"17","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, J., Park, G. R., & Namkung, E. H. (2024). The link between disability and social participation revisited: Heterogeneity by type of social participation and by socioeconomic status. Disability and Health Journal, 17(2), 101543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101543","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal"},{"key":"4406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanck, P., Hyseni, F., & Goodman, N. (2023). Economic inclusion and empowerment of people with disabilities. In Handbook of disability: Critical thought and social change in a globalizing world (pp. 1\u201322). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1278-7_81-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"4406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-022-03268-y","volume":"32","author":"E Emerson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emerson, E., & Llewellyn, G. (2023). The wellbeing of women and men with and without disabilities: Evidence from cross-sectional national surveys in 27 low-and middle-income countries. Quality of Life Research, 32(2), 357\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-022-03268-y","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MIOT.2025.11048755","volume":"8","author":"N Saeed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saeed, N., Oliveira, C. L., Chehri, A., & Jeon, G. (2025). Guest editorial: Empowering people with disabilities Using IoT and human-centered technologies. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 8(4), 10\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIOT.2025.11048755","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2522-7","volume":"17","author":"G Carey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carey, G., & Dickinson, H. (2017). A longitudinal study of the implementation experiences of the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme: Investigating transformative policy change. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-017-2522-7","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"4406_CR8","unstructured":"Friedner, M. (2009). Computers and magical thinking: Work and belonging in Bangalore India (pp. 37\u201340). Economic and Political Weekly."},{"issue":"19","key":"4406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197319","volume":"17","author":"Q Jing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing, Q., Tang, Q., Sun, M., Li, X., Chen, G., & Lu, J. (2020). Regional disparities of rehabilitation resources for persons with disabilities in China: Data from 2014 to 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197319","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"4406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7823","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187823","volume":"12","author":"H Kuper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuper, H., Davey, C., Banks, L. M., & Shakespeare, T. (2020). Trials and tribulations of collecting evidence on effectiveness in disability-inclusive development: A narrative review. Sustainability, 12(18), 7823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12187823","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"4406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-04067-x","author":"S Badji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Badji, S., Petrie, D., Harris, A., & Chen, G. (2025). The relative importance of key life domains for people with disability: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of NDIS participants in Australia. Quality of Life Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-025-04067-x","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01901-x","volume":"19","author":"M Crocker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crocker, M., Hutchinson, C., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Walker, R., Chen, G., & Ratcliffe, J. (2021). Assessing the relative importance of key quality of life dimensions for people with and without a disability: An empirical ranking comparison study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1), 264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01901-x","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"4406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4308-6","volume":"17","author":"H Tough","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tough, H., Siegrist, J., & Fekete, C. (2017). Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: A systematic review. Bmc Public Health, 17, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4308-6","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X1561352","volume":"36","author":"J Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., Khan, M. A., Chen, G., & Maxwell, A. (2016). Measuring the sensitivity and construct validity of 6 utility instruments in 7 disease areas. Medical Decision Making, 36(2), 147\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989X1561352","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"4406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-017-0310-5","volume":"15","author":"NJ Devlin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devlin, N. J., & Brooks, R. (2017). EQ-5D and the EuroQol group: Past, present and future. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 15, 127\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40258-017-0310-5","journal-title":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy"},{"key":"4406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008815005736","volume":"8","author":"G Hawthorne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hawthorne, G., Richardson, J., & Osborne, R. (1999). The Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instrument: A psychometric measure of health-related quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 8, 209\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008815005736","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9927-2","volume":"21","author":"H Al-Janabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Janabi, H., Flynn, N., T., & Coast, J. (2012). Development of a self-report measure of capability wellbeing for adults: The ICECAP-A. Quality of Life Research, 21, 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-011-9927-2","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"4406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01306-z","volume":"22","author":"T Peasgood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peasgood, T., Mukuria, C., Carlton, J., Connell, J., Devlin, N., Jones, K., Lovett, R., Naidoo, B., Rand, S., & Rejon-Parrilla, J. C. (2021). What is the best approach to adopt for identifying the domains for a new measure of health, social care and carer-related quality of life to measure quality-adjusted life years? Application to the development of the EQ-HWB?. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(7), 1067\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-021-01306-z","journal-title":"The European Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.01.009","volume":"25","author":"J Brazier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brazier, J., Peasgood, T., Mukuria, C., Marten, O., Kreimeier, S., Luo, N., Mulhern, B., Pickard, A. S., Augustovski, F., & Greiner, W. (2022). The EQ-HWB: Overview of the development of a measure of health and wellbeing and key results. Value in Health, 25(4), 482\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2022.01.009","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"key":"4406_CR20","unstructured":"EuroQol Research Foundation EQ\u2013HWB (EQ Health and Wellbeing) Retrieved 2026 May 10, from https:\/\/euroqol.org\/research-at-euroqol\/eq-hwb\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"4406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03450-w","volume":"32","author":"R Milte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Milte, R., Jemere, D., Lay, K., Hutchinson, C., Thomas, J., Murray, J., & Ratcliffe, J. (2023). A scoping review of the use of visual tools and adapted easy-read approaches in Quality-of-Life instruments for adults. Quality of Life Research, 32(12), 3291\u20133308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-023-03450-w","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"16","key":"4406_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16160","volume":"16","author":"A Netten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Netten, A., Burge, P., Malley, J., Potoglou, D., Towers, A. M., Brazier, J., Flynn, T., & Forder, J. (2012). Outcomes of social care for adults: Developing a preference-weighted measure. Health Technology Assessment, 16(16), 1\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta16160","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12294","volume":"31","author":"A Turnpenny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turnpenny, A., Caiels, J., Whelton, B., Richardson, L., Beadle-Brown, J., Crowther, T., Forder, J., Apps, J., & Rand, S. (2018). Developing an easy read version of the adult social care outcomes toolkit (ASCOT). Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), e36\u2013e48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jar.12294","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"key":"4406_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowden, M., & McCullagh, C. (2021). What is the NDIS? In The national disability insurance scheme: An Australian public policy experiment (pp. 53\u201378). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2244-1_4"},{"key":"4406_CR25","unstructured":"Mavromaras, K., Moskos, M., Mahuteau, S., Isherwood, L., Goode, A., Walton, H., Smith, L., Wei, Z., & Flavel, J. (2018). Evaluation of the NDIS: Final Report. National Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University."},{"key":"4406_CR26","unstructured":"National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) (2025). The NDIS in each state. Retrieved October 16, 2025, from https:\/\/www.ndis.gov.au\/understanding\/ndis-each-state"},{"key":"4406_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen G, P. D., Llewellyn, G., Ratcliffe, J., Bulkeley, K., Badji, S., Woode, M. E., West, R., Howe, K., Hines, M., Olsen, J. A., Ma, H. B., Aydin, G., Harris, A. (2024) Disability wellbeing index: Items development and scoring algorithms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26180\/30228757","DOI":"10.26180\/30228757"},{"key":"4406_CR28","unstructured":"National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) (2015). Outcomes Framework Pilot Study: Summary Report."},{"key":"4406_CR29","unstructured":"Chen G, P. D., Llewellyn, G., Ratcliffe, J., Bulkeley, K., Badji, S., Woode, M. E., West, R., Howe, K., H. M., Olsen, J. A., Ma, H. B., Aydin, G., Harris, A., on behalf of the Disability Wellbeing, & Team, I. D. R. (2025). Disability Wellbeing Index\u2014Questionnaire and User Guide (Version 1)."},{"key":"4406_CR30","volume-title":"Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"JD Evans","year":"1996","unstructured":"Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Thomson Brooks\/Cole Publishing Co."},{"key":"4406_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118758991","volume-title":"Quality of life: The assessment, analysis and reporting of patient-reported outcomes","author":"PM Fayers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fayers, P. M., & Machin, D. (2015). Quality of life: The assessment, analysis and reporting of patient-reported outcomes. Wiley."},{"key":"4406_CR32","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.","edition":"6"},{"key":"4406_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.05.014","volume":"160","author":"G Conti-Ramsden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Conti-Ramsden, G., Durkin, K., Mok, P. L., Toseeb, U., & Botting, N. (2016). Health, employment and relationships: Correlates of personal wellbeing in young adults with and without a history of childhood language impairment. Social Science & Medicine, 160, 20\u201328.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9724-2","volume":"102","author":"A Braj\u0161a-\u017dganec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braj\u0161a-\u017dganec, A., Merka\u0161, M., & \u0160verko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-010-9724-2","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"4406_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105263","volume":"117","author":"K Harada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harada, K., Masumoto, K., & Okada, S. (2024). Leisure-time management and subjective well-being among older adults: A three-wave longitudinal survey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 117, 105263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105263","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4406_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12752","volume":"33","author":"E Tilley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tilley, E., Strnadov\u00e1, I., Danker, J., Walmsley, J., & Loblinzk, J. (2020). The impact of self-advocacy organizations on the subjective well\u2010being of people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(6), 1151\u20131165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jar.12752","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"4406_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000279","volume":"64","author":"SM Teshale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teshale, S. M., Molton, I. R., & Jensen, M. P. (2019). Associations among decisional autonomy, fatigue, pain, and well-being in long-term physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(3), 288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rep0000279","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4406_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-2094-y","volume":"28","author":"L Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, L., Moodie, M., & Chen, G. (2019). Measuring subjective wellbeing in patients with heart disease: Relationship and comparison between health-related quality of life instruments. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 1017\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-018-2094-y","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"4406_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1819-2","volume":"27","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, L., Li, S., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, G. (2018). Health state utilities and subjective well-being among psoriasis vulgaris patients in mainland China. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1323\u20131333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-018-1819-2","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"4406_CR40","volume-title":"Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models","author":"J Fox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fox, J. (2015). Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. Sage."},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0739-0","volume":"15","author":"S Rand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rand, S., Malley, J., Towers, A. M., Netten, A., & Forder, J. (2017). Validity and test-retest reliability of the self-completion adult social care outcomes toolkit (ASCOT-SCT4) with adults with long-term physical, sensory and mental health conditions in England. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0739-0","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.09.006","volume":"18","author":"KM van Leeuwen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, K. M., Bosmans, J. E., Jansen, A. P., Hoogendijk, E. O., van Tulder, M. W., van der Horst, H. E., & Ostelo, R. W. (2015). Comparing measurement properties of the EQ-5D-3L, ICECAP-O, and ASCOT in frail older adults. Value in Health, 18(1), 35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2014.09.006","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4406_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-026-04331-8","volume":"35","author":"KM Winn","year":"2026","unstructured":"Winn, K. M., Woode, M. E., & Chen, G. (2026). Empirical comparison of health-related quality of life and subjective well-being measures in Australian adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 35(8), 227.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"4406_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181a39428","volume":"47","author":"TH Sach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sach, T. H., Barton, G. R., Jenkinson, C., Doherty, M., Avery, A. J., & Muir, K. R. (2009). Comparing cost-utility estimates: Does the choice of EQ-5D or SF-6D matter? Medical Care, 47(8), 889\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181a39428","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-018-0987-x","volume":"20","author":"F Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, F., Devlin, N., & Luo, N. (2019). Impact of mapped EQ-5D utilities on cost-effectiveness analysis: In the case of dialysis treatments. The European Journal of Health Economics, 20(1), 99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-018-0987-x","journal-title":"The European Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"9","key":"4406_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03958-3","volume":"34","author":"S Rand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rand, S., Smith, N., Welch, E., Allan, S., Caiels, J., & Towers, A. M. (2025). Use of the adult social care outcomes toolkit (ASCOT) in research studies: An international scoping review. Quality of Life Research, 34(9), 2437\u20132450.","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"4406_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1842918","volume":"18","author":"KM Beentjes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beentjes, K. M., Neal, D. P., Kerkhof, Y. J., Broeder, C., Moeridjan, Z. D., Ettema, T. P., Pelkmans, W., Muller, M. M., Graff, M. J., & Dr\u00f6es, R. M. (2023). Impact of the FindMyApps program on people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia and their caregivers; an exploratory pilot randomised controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 18(3), 253\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17483107.2020.1842918","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4406_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05906-1","volume":"22","author":"S Savvas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savvas, S., Goh, A. M., Batchelor, F., Doyle, C., Wise, E., Tan, E., Panayiotou, A., Malta, S., Winbolt, M., & Clarke, P. (2021). Promoting Independence through quality dementia Care at Home (PITCH): A research protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05906-1","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"4406_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Santen, J., Dr\u00f6es, R. M., Twisk, J. W., Henkemans, O. A. B., van Straten, A., & Meiland, F. J. (2020). Effects of exergaming on cognitive and social functioning of people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(12), 1958\u20131967. e1955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.04.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.04.018"}],"container-title":["Quality of Life Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:32:16Z","timestamp":1793370736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-026-04406-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9077331\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0962-9343","1573-2649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9343","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Monash University holds the intellectual property for the Disability Wellbeing Index (DWI). The DWI is made available under a Creative Commons licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The authors receive no personal financial benefit from the use of the instrument.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was granted by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Project ID: 42195).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"301"}}